Suicide Among Teenagers How Do Social Factors Worsen A...

Suicide among Teenagers How do social factors worsen a teenager’s depression leading to his suicide? Suicide is a prevalent problem that occurs throughout the world especially in adolescents. In Judith Guest’s novel Ordinary People, she discusses the issues that a teenager encounters after the death of a loved one as well as his constant struggles dealing with his parents. Outside sources give insight what adolescents face within the family, with friends, and the emotional disruption it can cause leading to thoughts of suicide. Social environments can cause psychological difficulties aggravating the thoughts of a depressed teenager. Factors such as peer, family, and psychological influences can exacerbate a teenager’s severity of depression ultimately leading to his suicide. To begin with, suicide is common among many young adolescents. Those who seek suicide view it as an option to end the pain they are dealing with. Friends that do not understand the issue can worsen the situation and the teenager feels even more isolated. Adolescents are more prone to suicide when they have little to no relationship to members of society. Social groups as school that exclude a teenager, cause him to feel isolated and unwanted, which lead to self-harm. Those that feel isolated withdraw from society and activities that once made them happy. Non-communication with friends can lead an adolescent to feel as though he is a burden or are not worth having friends. If this occurs, it canShow MoreRelatedBullying Effects900 Words   |  4 Pagesspreading rumors, calling someone names or through the Internet, there are many different causes of bullying, why it occurs, and how it effects the victim. The causes of bullying can influence how the bully decides to target a victim. Victims of bullying can be targeted through physical, verbal, indirect or cyber bullying. The effects of bullying can be severe and long-lasting among victims. Physical bullying is one of the most-common types of bullying. â€Å"In many cases the bullys childhood is marredRead MoreWhat Causes Depression And Can It Be Prevented?1281 Words   |  6 Pageshigh rate of depression-related suicide among teenagers. WHAT CAUSES DEPRESSION AND CAN IT BE PREVENTED? It s not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved (Mayo). Depression often begins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. More women are diagnosed with depression more than men, but this may be due in part because women are more likely to seek treatment. There are a number of factors that may increase the chance ofRead MoreThe Dangers Of The Teenage Years2213 Words   |  9 PagesDepression is a serious concern among teenagers in the United States today. More and more teenagers are committing suicide every day because of this serious issue.. In order to understand why teenagers are doing this, we need to develop a basic understanding of what depression is and how it affects people (in this case, teenagers). We also need to discuss treatment options, such as medications and psychotherapies that may help treat individuals with depression. Many teenagers in the United States todayRead MoreDepression And Its Effects On Teens1268 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease, affecting teens at an increasing rate, and it is essential for one to know what teenage depression is, how depression affects teenagers and what can be done to prevent it. Depression in teens is a mental health condition that causes a continuous feeling of sadness over a prolonged period of time and a loss of interest in activities. This state of being affects how the teenager thinks, feels and behaves, which causes emotional, functional and physical complications. Symptoms of depressionRead MoreAsian-American ´s Suicide1143 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch, California State Fullerton professor Eliza Noh states that Asian-American women of the age 15 to 24 have the highest rates of suicide than any other racial, ethnic, or gender group. The â€Å"model minority† pressure—â€Å"socially produced pressure internalized by families of some Asian-American children to be high achievers at school and professionally†Ã¢â‚¬â€plays a large factor to the issue, especially since girls, who are more affected by it than boys, are expected to become the â€Å"perfect mother, daughterRead MoreThe Mental Health Of The Wealthy1842 Words   |à ‚  8 Pagesdepression is a mental illness that many students experience and that the school will appeal to. Likewise, the school does not realize the magnitude of stress it places on its students and how mentally damaging it can be for certain individuals like Craig. The school fails to communicate its support for its students, so they do not feel safe enough to speak up about their personal problems that interfere with their academics and mental health. It is important to acknowledge the effects of hyperstress andRead MoreViolence in the Media Essay3310 Words   |  14 Pages Violence in Media and Subliminal Messages Media negatively impacts its viewers, resulting in violent behavior through desensitization, creating fearful and aggressive attitudes, while reducing their ability to be creative, which will only worsen in the future due to the magnification and importance on violence in society today. Violence and aggression were once seen as shameful; however acts of aggression have increased by 46% since the 1970’s and by 2030 are expected to increase by another 24%Read MoreDepression across the Lifespan1470 Words   |  6 PagesDepression is the most common mental disorder, not only for adults, but for children and teenagers as well. The DSM-IV classifies depression as a mood disorder. It states that an individual has suffered a â€Å"major depressive episode† if certain symptoms persist for at least two weeks, including a loss of enjoyment in previously pleasurable activities, a sad or irritable mood, a significant change in weight or appetite, problems sleeping or concentrati ng, and feelings of worthlessness. These symptomsRead MoreHistory of Depression1466 Words   |  6 Pageswas caused by neurochemical imbalances rather than psychological traumas. It has never been proven what really causes depression, the modern belief is in the combination of both causes. Until 1980s, psychiatrists did not believe that children and teenagers could suffer from depression. They thought that true depression can not exist before person develops idealized self-image (called the supergo), but tests and surveys have shown otherwise, that also strengthens the chemical theory DEPRESSED ORRead MoreAdolescent Is Emotional And Emotional Development1925 Words   |  8 Pagesreason is that their brain is still learning how to control and express their emotions in a mature manner. Sometimes they may not react at all to important matters. Other times an adolescent may become too moody. In some cases, an adolescent may even become depressed. Teen depression can be caused by multiple reasons. School performance, social status with peers, sexual orientation, emotional stress, or family life can each have a major effect on how a teen feels. Adolescents with depression with

The Spread of European Imperialism Essay - 1162 Words

Throughout the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, the world witnessed a global expansion as well as a compaction of people, cultures, and ideas. The need for goods, as well as the process of mercantilism to inflate economies, was instrumental in the advancement of seafaring technologies, the need to spread religion, and the eventual globalization of the slave market. The four major regions in the world, which were the stepping stones of globalization, are Africa, Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, the Americas, and finally East Asia. The abundance of resources, especially salt, gold, and slaves in Africa, especially after the fall of the Ottoman Empire, was too much for Europe to ignore. Most European countries, Italy†¦show more content†¦European presence in Africa also helped the people of Africa to expand. With the collapse of the Great Silk Road, trade routes through the waters became more necessary. Muslims and Europeans fought over the Indian Ocean and the several prosperous ports (plus major cities and villages in Ethiopia) during the fifteenth and sixteenth century. (McKay et al., 2009) Although Muslims had controlled the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, Portugal’s ability to circumvent the southern tip of Africa led to war and Portugal’s eventual defeat of Muslim traders and their imperialism throughout the Southeast Asian market. Africa’s Swahili people and their ivory, copra and rhinoceros horns and China’s â€Å"age of commerce†, which was developing within the neighboring countries of Vietnam and Burma, multiplied the available goods for Europeans to bring back home. (McKay et al., 2009) Portugal, as with most European countries, was beginning their recovery financially after years of war and plague. With the growth of trade and the amount of people in the Indian Ocean area, religion quickly followed. (McKay et al., 2009) Again, Muslims and Europeans were in battle. But this time they fought for religious supremacy in numbers. Each faction quickly moved to convert as many people as possible. Settlements were formed, cities grew, and customs and culture began mixing in an early version of a melting pot. (McKay et al., 2009) Once ColumbusShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Old And New Imperialism1600 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism is the movement of colonizing people by gaining political and economic, cultural control of other regions. There are two types of imperialism happened in different time periods which are the old and new imperialism. The old imperialism occurred between the sixteenth and the eighteenth century. It was the time when the European powers started to expand their empires through conquest and trade with other countries. After the American Revolution, it prompted the ideas of new imperialismRead MoreImperialism : An Age Of Colonization For European Countries800 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism Essay The Age of Imperialism was an age of colonization for European countries. It began in the mid-1800s and ended in the early twentieth century. The most powerful countries of Europe raced to conquer and change the government, economic system, and social ways of Asian and African territories. But imperialism wasn t wonderful, especially for the colonies. Innocent people were enslaved, forced to work all day long under no other options. Resources were exploited, stolen from peopleRead MoreImperialism as a Source of Many Conflicts throughout History658 Words   |  3 PagesImperialism a source of most if not all conflicts throughout history. No matter the century or time period, the start of all wars, battles, and conflicts all draw their roots back to imperialism. Imperialism have had great impacts on nations and brought many changes to societies and their cultures. It has impacted on people lives and how they live. It has affected our societies to this day and shaped or helped create f oundations for our countries and cultures that we have today. Imperialism beganRead MoreImperialism in the 19th century1746 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat deal of Imperialism in the 19th century, led by mostly westerners from Europe. Imperialism is the act in which one nation extends its rule over another. Imperialism had a substantial effect on the 19th century throughout the entire world by bringing upon changes to many different countries, for better and for worse, especially to Africa. Prior to the nineteenth century, westerners did interfere with many of the affairs of nations outside of their boarders, so signs of imperialism are shown manyRead MoreImperialism and India Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagescultural, or economic life by one country is called imperialism. (Esler, page. 632) European imperialism began in the 1800s. â€Å"European nations won empires in the Americas after1492, established colonies in India and Southeast Asia, and gained toeholds on the coast of Africa and China. Despite these gains, between 1500 and 1800, Europe had little influence on the lives of the peoples of China, India or Africa.† (Esler, page.632) Then the Europeans industrialized and believe western cultures wereRead MoreEssay on Imperialism: From Europe to The West1514 Words   |  7 PagesEarly in the twentieth century, imperialism was brought up by European powers of the time; Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. These nations were after raw materials in A sia, Africa, and South America and when they realize that they could not retrieve it, they began to colonize smaller counties that contain the many resources they need and used it for their benefit. Western values played a big part in European imperialism. European civilization experienced a period of extraordinary rapidRead MoreImperialism Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism could be considered as a defining characteristic of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Imperialism is defined as â€Å"a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy or military force† (Imperialism and Immigration). When it comes to imperialism in America, I must say that other factors were more influential than social Darwinism. Although I do agree to a certain extent that social Darwinism did play a big role, things such as expansionist objectivesRead MoreCauses Of Imperialism1107 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism Essay Growing up, many children play the board game â€Å"Battleship,† where a player’s main goal is to conquer his opponent’s ships and, eventually, land. Similarly, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the nation of Europe and other countries took over and influenced countries that they believed were inferior to them. This process, known as imperialism, is defined as â€Å"a policy of extending a countrys power and influence through diplomacy or military force† (googleRead MoreUuhujsdkkd1008 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization demonstrate the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence? Explain using examples. The map demonstrates the spread of historical globalization and colonial influence because it represents the European Imperialism and Europe’s scramble for empire. European Imperialism contributed to the spread of science, religion, philosophy, and technology - which originated from Europe -, to the countries it colonized. During the 17th and 18th centuries Europeans were very competitive withRead MoreThe Horrors of Imperialism: The Belgian Congo Essay763 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism is the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. In 1870, the European powers took over the African Congo and enslaved the natives. Moreover, they were forced to work the land, so the Europeans could obtain the products they needed by using a cheap labor force to turn around and sell them at a profit. These products included such commodities as rubber, diamonds and coffee (A New World

Types of Contracts Free Essays

TYPES OF CONTRACTS The risk shared between the buyer and seller is determined by the contract type. Although the firm-fixedprice type of contractual arrangement is typically the preferred type which is encouraged and often demanded by most organizations, there are times when another contract form may be in the best interests of the project. If a contract type other than fixed-price is intended, it is incumbent on the project team to justify its use. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Contracts or any similar topic only for you Order Now The type of contract to be used and the specific contract terms and conditions fix the degree of risk being assumed by the buyer and seller. All legal contractual relationships generally fall into one of two broad families, either fixed-price or cost reimbursable. Also, there is a third hybrid-type commonly in use called the time and materials contract. The more popular of the contract types in use are discussed below as discrete types, but in practice it is not unusual to combine one or more types into a single procurement. Fixed price contracts. This category of contracts involves setting a fixed total price for a defined product or service to be provided. Fixed-price contracts may also incorporate financial incentives for achieving or exceeding selected project objectives, such as schedule delivery dates, cost and technical performance, or anything that can be quantified and subsequently measured. Sellers under fixed-price contracts are legally obligated to complete such contracts, with possible financial damages if they do not. Under the fixed-price arrangement, buyers must precisely specify the product or services being procured. Changes in scope can be accommodated, but generally at an increase in contract price. Firm Fixed Price Contracts (FFP). The most commonly used contract type is the FFP. It is favored by most buying organizations because the price for goods is set at the outset and not subject to change unless the scope of work changes. Any cost increase due to adverse performance is the responsibility of the seller, who is obligated to complete the effort. Under the FFP contract, the buyer must precisely specify the product or services to be procured, and any changes to the procurement specification can increase the costs to the buyer. Fixed Price Incentive Fee Contracts (FPIF). This fixed-price arrangement gives the buyer and seller some flexibility in that it allows for deviation from performance, with financial incentives tied to achieving agreed to metrics. Typically such financial incentives are related to cost, schedule, or technical performance of the seller. Performance targets are established at the outset, and the final contract price is determined after completion of all work based on the seller’s performance. Under FPIF contracts, a price ceiling is set, and all costs above the price ceiling are the responsibility of the seller, who is obligated to complete the work. Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment Contracts (FP-EPA). This contract type is used whenever the seller’s performance period spans a considerable period of years, as is desired with many long-term relationships. It is a fixed-price contract, but with a special provision allowing for pre-defined final adjustments to the contract price due to changed conditions, such as inflation changes, or cost increases (or decreases) for specific commodities. The EPA clause must relate to some reliable financial index which is used to precisely adjust the final price. The FP-EPA contract is intended to protect both buyer and seller from external conditions beyond their control. Cost-reimbursable contracts. This category of contract involves payments (cost reimbursements) to the seller for all legitimate actual costs incurred for completed work, plus a fee representing seller profit. Cost-reimbursable contracts may also include financial incentive clauses whenever the seller exceeds, or falls below, defined objectives such as costs, schedule, or technical performance targets. Three of the more common types of cost-reimbursable contracts in use are Cost Plus Fixed Fee (CPFF), Cost Plus Incentive Fee (CPIF), and Cost Plus Award Fee (CPAF). A cost-reimbursable contract gives the project flexibility to redirect a seller whenever the scope of work cannot be precisely defined at the start and needs to be altered, or when high risks may exist in the effort. Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contracts (CPFF). The seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs for performing the contract work, and receives a fixed fee payment calculated as a percentage of the initial estimated project costs. Fee is paid only for completed work and does not change due to seller performance. Fee amounts do not change unless the project scope changes. Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contracts (CPIF). The seller is reimbursed for all allowable costs for performing the contract work and receives a predetermined incentive fee based upon achieving certain performance objectives as set forth in the contract. In CPIF contracts, if the final costs are less or greater than the original estimated costs, then both the buyer and seller share costs from the departures based upon a prenegotiated cost sharing formula, e. g. , an 80/20 split over/under target costs based on the actual performance of the seller. Cost Plus Award Fee Contracts (CPAF). The seller is reimbursed for all legitimate costs, but the majority of the fee is only earned based on the satisfaction of certain broad subjective performance criteria defined and incorporated into the contract. The determination of fee is based solely on the subjective determination of seller performance by the buyer, and is generally not subject to appeals. Time and Material Contracts (TM). Time and material contracts are a hybrid type of contractual arrangement that contain aspects of both cost-reimbursable and fixed-price contracts. They are often used for staff augmentation, acquisition of experts, and any outside support when a precise statement of work cannot be quickly prescribed. These types of contracts resemble cost-reimbursable contracts in that they can be left open ended and may be subject to a cost increase for the buyer. The full value of the agreement and the exact quantity of items to be delivered may not be defined by the buyer at the time of the contract award. Thus, TM contracts can increase in contract value as if they were cost-reimbursable contracts. Many organizations require not-toexceed values and time limits placed in all TM contracts to prevent unlimited cost growth. Conversely, TM contracts can also resemble fixed unit price arrangements when certain parameters are specified in the contract. Unit labor or material rates can be preset by the buyer and seller, including seller profit, when both parties agree on the values for specific resource categories, such as senior engineers at specified rates per hour, or categories of materials at specified rates per unit. How to cite Types of Contracts, Papers

Evaluation and Judgment free essay sample

Pamela Applewhite Evaluation and Judgment What are the different ways in which we evaluate people? We evaluate people in many ways. We tend to evaluate people first by their outer appearance. Once we carry a conversation with them, it is then we evaluate them based on their values, morals, beliefs and sometimes cultural and educational background. These evaluations play into our expectations by stereotypes and notions. The first impression can be a disadvantage because of pre -conceived notions and stereotypes which are false. We can misguide our self into believing somebody is something they are not. Once we begin to interact with one another and form true opinions we can get to know an individual for who they are, and not imagined expectations. How do these factors play a role in our expectations of other people? These evaluations play into our expectations by creating stereotypes and notions. Stereotypes are misguided judgments, and notions are pre-conceived ideas we have about people. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation and Judgment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We learn to expect certain people to speak and carry themselves in specific ways. We also expect specific groups to carry specific jobs and societal functions. Our expectations are often right, but it is not a good idea to work off of expectations. As the old adage goes, you cannot judge a book by its cover. The factors we use to evaluate people must be used with great diligence because they could be false and incorrect. What are the disadvantages of these expectations? The first impression can be a disadvantage because of pre -conceived notions and stereotypes which are false. We can misguide our self into believing somebody is something they are not. Once we begin to interact with one another and form true opinions we can get to know an individual for who they are, and not imagined expectations. Expectations also set limitations and dont allow us to reach our full open minded potential. In order to become better people we must really look at individual for their actions and values, rather than first impressions or generalized stereotypes. Expectations can truly inhibit new positive relationships from being formed.

The 5th Amendment Essay Example For Students

The 5th Amendment Essay The 5th AmendmentBasically, the 5th Amendment states that no one shall becharged with capital crimes without a Grand Jurys permission, except in cases regarding the military while under service in wartime or public danger. No one can be put on trial again for the same crime. You cant be forced to testify yourself. That no one should be executed, jailed, or have property seized without a legal precedent. Also you cant be put through cruel or unusually punishment. If private property is seized for public use, that the owner must be compensated for their losses fairly. It also forbids deprivation of life, liberty, or property without Due Process of the law. The 5th Amendment is also often cited as the Double JeopardyAmendment. The Constitution does not say that individuals cant be put on trail again for the same offense. The Constitution says that should he defendant be tried again on the same charge or charges, that they cant be executed or imprisoned for life without the possibility o f parole. We will write a custom essay on The 5th Amendment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The 5th Amendment is also sometimes called the Take the Fifth Amendment. It states that no defendant can be forced to testify against themselves in a criminal case. When under oath, you are expected to tell the truth, even if that truth was to put you in trouble. Taking the fifth allows you to tell the truth about th case without putting yourself in trouble. The Miranda are issued in 1966. This is also the amendment that protects citizens from manifest destiny. That is the federal government simply taking land or other property of citizens without giving anything back. In fact, the Constitution states that the owner shall be compensated a fair value ofthe item or items taken will be paid to the former owner. This is called Emient Domain. 5th Amendment Supreme Court Cases MIRANDA v. ARIZONA 1966The defendant, while in police custody, was questioned by police officers, detectives, or a prosecuting attorney. The defendant was not given a full and effective warning of his rights before the the interrogation. In this case Miranda was not ckarged and was sent free because he had no awarence of his rights. Since that day for the the police had to read your rights. CLARENCE EARL GIDEON v. LOUIE L. WAINWRIGHT, Director, Division of Corrections 1963The was charged in a Florida state court with having broken and entered a poolroom with intent to commit a misdemeanor. This offense is a felony under Florida law. Appearing in court without money and without a lawyer, the defendant asked the court to appoint counsel for him. the court denied him. The court said only time the court can appoint counsel to represent a defendant is when that person is charged with a capital offense. After defending himself he was found guilty by the ju ry. He was sentenced to five years in state prison. The defendant then filed in the Florida Supreme Court this habeas corpus petitioner attacking his conviction and sentence on the ground that the trial courts refusal to appoint counsel for him denied him rights guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights by the United States Government. But the State Supreme court denied him, because its only under federal constitutionaly. Kastigar v. United States 1972This case presents the question whether the United States Government may get testimony from an unwilling witness, who pleeds the Fifth Amendment so they will not self-incrimination, by conferring on the witness stand from use of the compelled testimony in criminal proceedings, as well as from use of evidence derived from the testimony.The witnesses were subpoenaed to appear before a United States grand jury in the Central District of California on February 4, 1971. The Government believed that the witnesses were likely to t ake their Fifth Amendment privilege. Prior to the scheduled appearances, the Government applied to the District Court for an order directing the witnesses to answer questions and produce evidence before the grand jury. The witnesses opposed of the order because they felt the would self-incrimanate. The District Court rejected this, and ordered the witnesses to appear before the grand jury and answer its questions.

Arnold Schwarzenegger essays

Arnold Schwarzenegger essays ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER Arnold Schwarzenegger was born on July 30,1947, in Thal, Austria. His parents were Aurelia and Gustav Schwarzenegger, and his older brother was Meinhard, who was liked better than Arnold by his father. Arnold's family believes he inherited his physique from Karl Schwarzenegger, Arnold's grandfather. Arnold's father was the head of the German military police during the war years in Belgium. Gustav was legendary for his strict discipline toward Arnold and Meinhard. For example, he would make Arnold eat every meal with books pressed tightly under his arms to teach him to keep his elbows to his side while he ate. His father would make Arnold and Meinhard compete to see who the best was in boxing matches, races, and studying. His father humiliated the loser with scornful remarks. Each Sunday Arnold and Meinhard were permitted to choose among hiking, visiting a farm, seeing a play, museum, or art show. After their Sunday excursion, their father required them to write a ten page essay describing their day, which he graded Monday morning, and mistakes were not tolerated. Arnold could never win his father's praise, and at the age of thirteen he began dreaming of becoming bigger and stronger than his father. Arnold would sneak into movie theaters to watch Hercules with Steve Reeves and Reg Park, who were bodybuilders. He would judge, and admire Reg Park, promising himself that one day he would surpass him. Arnold was determined that he wouldn't be like other people, he wanted to Arnold was Invited by Kurt Marnul, who was Mr. Austria, to receive training at the Athletic Union Graz. Both of his parents disapproved of Arnold, especially then because over a couple of years Arnold grew larger and also created a life for himself. Gustav was trying to diminish Arnold because he was surpassing him. In 1966, Arnold won three German...

The Influence of continuous education in Nursing Profession Research Paper

The Influence of continuous education in Nursing Profession (Literature Review) - Research Paper Example The study emphasized on the need to customize the training of nurses in a manner that reflects the needs of the clients. The government, industrialists, and the academia should support fellowships and a range of educational forums bringing together local nurse leaders. Such a partnership, according to the study, would promote a sense of sustainability. According to the study, continuing education for the nurses would be achieved more effectively if the existing structures are revamped and replaced with more constructive systems that would help to achieve evidence-based practices and general competency. Quality and consistence, according to the study, would be achieved through enriched educational programs. Continuous educational programs, according to the study, would, in the long-term, help to address the challenge of staffing that continues to afflict many parts of the United States. The methodology amply explored on the value of training within the nursing profession and the need for partnership in enabling the process. However, it would have been more appropriate to narrow down on the specifics, as the information collected appears too broad, general, and comprehensive. However, this information could be synthesized for the purpose of utilization in further studies and particularly those of a quantitative nature. Newman, Maylor, and Chansarkar (2002) conducted a qualitative study on the factors behind the retention and satisfaction of nurses. Interviews were conducted on respondents comprising of a sample of over 130 midwives and nurses who served in London Trust hospitals. Nurses were asked about their views on the quality of service and the work environment. The interviews were semi-structured and in-depth. They were conducted in a face-to-face method between the interviewer and the interviewee. Five pilot interviews were conducted before the explorative qualitative study was carried out. The information was organized into patterns of themes representing the main objective of the study. Conceptually, the study sought to establish the connection between the levels of nurse satisfaction, the quality of service, and retention. Among the many factors cited by the respondents as their primary motivations, education and continuous training was perceived to be of significant value. The respondents perceived education and continuous training as key to personal development, and one that would enable them to achieve a certain level of flexibility. Such flexibility would guarantee them the opportunity to switch into different areas of nursing and other fields such as the police force where nursing was applicable. The qualitative method was appropriate for this study because it supplied a range of insights that expanded the understanding of the role of continuous training and other supportive factors in promoting nurse satisfaction and the quality of service in the industry. A study conducted by Deshong and Henderson (2010) adopted a qualitativ e research design to establish the impact of strategies meant to maximize the potential of skilled nursing workforce. The study adopted a case study approach that centered on Princes Alexandra Hospital (PAH). The study sought to establish the impact of a special program subsidized by the Commonwealth and the state and meant to address the developmental needs of Assistants-in-Nursing (AINs). In principle, the program was meant to seek ways of addressing the challenge of

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Commercial Law - Essay Example If the organization decides that they want a refund of their money or the leather, then they are a few steps to be followed. First and fore most, since the organization has already been notified that the company is being liquidated, they automatically become a trustee1. This is in relation to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. In the United Kingdom, the law that is responsible for dealing with both individuals and firms that face bankruptcy or insolvency is the Insolvency Law of the United Kingdom. There are key statutes that are involved in the bankruptcy and insolvency act. These include the Insolvency act 1986 which was amended by the Enterprise Act 2002, the Companies Act 2006 and the Company Director Disqualification Act 19862. The pari passu is the essential procedure that dictates how the goods will be distributed among the creditors in the UK insolvency law. Unless the statute displays preferred creditors, then a contract might be used that was signed between the organization and the creditor3. Since the Leather Craft knows where their goods lie, and they have been automatically declared as creditors, the contract they signed will assist them in the process. This means that the security interests to the assets of the company are entitled to the creditor. In this case, the approach that the law of UK takes is to give out either specific or fixed asset that the creditor has applied for. Situated at the Companies House, the law requires the interested assets of the company are filed on the companies charges of register. Leather craft must provide a debenture. Debenture simply means that the document which contains either the secured or unsecured debt owed by the company to their creditors4. Although the companies Act of 2006 requires the organization to have its own list of debentures, the Companies House requires all the debentures, which are secured by charge, be registered with them5. The main aim of the registration is to find out which company should be given first priority in the list of creditors. First, the Leather Craft companies must decide whether they can make an agreement with the company, which is voluntary on how to receive their dues. If they want a refund, they can agree with the board of directors for the Cattlerear Ltd if they can receive less in order to assist the company from insolvency6. Consequently, since the required goods are in the warehouse and they have already paid for them, they can agree to possess up the goods that are in the warehouse. In addition to that, if the company goes under new administration, this is according to the Enterprise Act of 2002 in which a trained insolvency practitioner will take up as new administration7. If this happens, since the specific goods that the Leather Craft industry wants are in the warehouse, they can agree with the new Cattlerear ltd administrator to have their goods, which are located in the warehouse. However, if none of these procedures are taken up, then all t he assets of the companies can be sold and the Leather Craft industry can have their refund back if they do not want the leather that the Cattlerear has which is located in their warehouse. This is after the Leather Craft Industry has completed either forms that display that they owe the company the goods and that they want a refund of their money back or their goods in which they are aware they are located in the warehouse. It should be noted that if a qualified insolvency prac

Literary discourses in the modern literary theory Essay

Literary discourses in the modern literary theory - Essay Example It has been maintained that "the reading of literary narratives is best characterized as point driven-a process in which the reader considers what the narrator is getting at [and] that point-driven reading involves a sense of an author seeking to make a point." (Miall, 339) One of the most effective strategies of attaining the literary meaning of piece is reading for point which includes different components such as coherence, attention to surface features, and the transactional stance. It is possible and largely illumining to engage in a literary activity of reading for point in order to arrive at the meaning of the literary creations. The significance of the structural elements in the creation of a cohesive and coherent narrative discourse in fiction is often emphasised. This paper focuses on a profound and reflective analysis of the structural elements in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen with close reference to the novel, which make the piece a cohesive and coherent narrative di scourse. Though different in objective and function, structure and meaning are interconnected and it is the relation between the two which make a literary discourse meaningful. The important relation between structure and meaning in literary discourse needs to be clearly comprehended. ... very work possesses a structure, which is the articulation of elements derived from the different categories of literary discourses; and this structure is at the locus of the meaning." (Todorov et al., 141) An evaluation of the relation between structure and meaning in literary works through the years confirms the significance of readings in literary discourse which focus on these elements. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen provides one of the best illustrations of the pertinent relation between structure and meaning in literary discourse. It is obvious that the structural elements in the novel make it a cohesive and coherent narrative discourse and an analysis of the novel's narrative structure substantiates the point. The structural elements include narrative structure as well as constituents and linkage. In Pride and Prejudice, the best known and probablythebest liked novel by Austen, the narrative structure, the relation among story, plot, structure, system, rules, the cohesion, coherence and congruence in story etc contribute to the structural elements, which ultimately bring about the meaning to the novel. An analysis of the narrative structure of the novel is important and the sociolinguist Labov's Model of Natural Narrative, which is a prolific model of analysis in stylistics, provides with an effective tool in this regard. As Labov's model focuses on the everyday discourse practices of actual speakers in actual social circumstances, it has a great validity in literary analyses. Labov made use of the various stories by informers from many diverse backgrounds and "isolates the core, recurrent features that underpin a fully formed natural narrative. Six key categories are rendered down from this body of data." (Simpson, 114) According to the model, there are

The Relationship Between Fashion and Personality

The Relationship Between Fashion and Personality Fashion is related historically to an individuals personality since it gives a general idea of what the person is thinking of and minimizes his personality as well. Personalities have a big and great responsibility; they represent the individual himself. Clothes help in expressing the innermost thoughts, kindness, and feelings. This is enough to know what kind of clothes and what way to wear appropriately. Sometimes we feel uncomfortable for being in a place that obliges us to be with a certain dress while we have a different life style. Fashion simply is our appearance, manners and characteristics. Fashion and personality are related and each one completes the other. When looking at a well-dressed person you probably ask yourself does this person create the clothes or just those fit him exactly? Colors most of the time give the mood of the person; choosing the color while dressing is done according to the mood of the person, no one can dress red, green, or yellow if he is in a certa in situation and not happy, while dark colors are relaxed colors worn by the stressed and sad people. Attraction for woman is just as visual as it is for man. They think what she might be from the way she dress and walk and vice versa. Selection of the clothes according to the occasion, time or mood reflects the taste of a person. The way of choosing the dress comes without planning and it cant be realized by the person himself unless someone points and asks about sadness and gloominess. Fashion does not necessarily means that one has to wear what is common to all but it relates to a person own thinking and perception. Everyone likes to be special and unique where as in some situation being unique is as being lonely and far from the world, for this purpose there are different trends, and designers that make a person dress the way he likes and the way it fits his personality otherwise fashion and style will be a ridiculous job. Moreover there is a story behind what people wear. It is not as simple as we can conclude from the first look; time is needed to adopt fashion. Thus taking time in choosing clothes and coming up with a style is an essential issue to take into consideration since it became a way of judging a ones personality and mood. A persons personality is shown through his fashion style whether it is: casual, classic, romantic and trendy style. Most of the time fashion personality fits a persons lifestyle. Classic Fashion Personality Classic fashion describes the style exactly. The person wearing classic has neutral look such as gray, navy blue, beige and black which is the key in color choice among those colors. This gentle clothes and accessories style is more likely for the people above the age of forty since if a woman under 25 years old dresses this style then people around will probably ask why she is looking older and over 40 years. People of this style do not ignore their traditional lifestyles but they try to show their personalities whether the clothes are very expensive or not where the aim is to look chic and elegant. Most women choose this style of fashion for a reason that wearing classical clothes makes them look thinner and thus taller. Women prefer to wear this style for the purpose of simplicity, chicness, and highlighting their personality. These classical women have a linear approach to fashion where they choose durable fabrics such as tweed, wool blends, cashmere, silk and good quality of cotton. They go for the timeless wardrobe and this includes their fashion accessories. Being elegant and tailored in the classical fashion personality is the desired purpose that wearer look for while choosing this style. This style differs from another since its the only style which by looking at, the wearer can recognize directly that it is suitable to his personality. This style shapes the way of moving and walking around with a sense of elegance and softness without even feeling if touching the ground or not. Classic fashion always starts with the simplest ideas. Silhouettes are sleek and concepts are unpolluted. It is this clean thinking that allows a classic fashion to melt into any current theme or style. The biggest benefit of this style is that classic styles as a little black dress are different from the trendy ones. According to men simple jacket, pant and bow-tie is most preferable in classic style. Classic fashions tend to stick with classic colors as well as classic lines. Black, blue, white and brown are much more common than bright yellow, hot pink and neon orange. Natural materials, such as cotton, silk and leather, are much more common than synthetics, such as polyester, rayon and pl eat her. In addition to the tailored and elegant style, sustainable style is also one of the classical fashions. However it is a smart investment in which the purchasers spend more on a single quality item of clothing than spend loads on throw away fashion accessories. Furthermore, they on their neutral colors and dark suits for years to come. Thus, classical style is related and almost has a peace of mind personality, means no confusion of what dressing since this style is very simple, and by giving a special touch of your lifestyle gives a great classical look. The person carrying this fashion style is a very simply person by which he/she looks at the clothes and buy without caring about the price, it is enough that this is appropriate to his/her personality. This personality is often tends to take the shots and being famous people. Minimalism and Preppy fashion are also a variation of this style. Thus who feels his style fits the classical one then do not hesitate in being a classical fashion style (refer to App. I, Fig. 1 2). Romantic Fashion Personality Fashion is also a factor that cultivates love and romance. It attracts a person towards others and this attraction may lead finally to a strong bond of love. Prolific fashion designer, Coco Chanel says, Fashion is in the sky, in the street; fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. Fashion is therefore the power which actually metamorphoses an image. To some fashion is a typical form of art again to others fashion is verve, a sensation, a feeling. That is with respect to romantic fashion that has a unique way of dressing. The romantic dresser sticks to the pastel colors and loves paisley prints, florals, gingham and polka dots. It is described by the long skirts, hats, gloves and deep cut blouses or dresses with plunging necklines such as a sweetheart neckline or V neckline. And sometimes searching and looking for special antiques which are not found in the usual places, maybe visiting certain countries for getting ones wants. Such people and especially women love girly, whimsical detailing such as tiered frill skirts, patchwork and overlays of lace, bouncy tiers and upstanding frills. This look is sometimes outdated. The love of the past is applied in present with this way of styling. This style refers to the Victorian period where a woman dresses according to that style known in the past. Whatever it is to most people, fashion is a process, rather a significant method of utilizing accessories and clothing to bring out the best of them. Therefore hiding or showing fashion is actually a method of expression, and a mode to express their personality. Romantic fashion personality is soft, thin and lovely personality. This fashion loves people and goes with all the ages by differentiating each one from another, dealing smoothly without hurting or causing any harmful thing to people even by words and dialogs. This personality is often and mostly found in Europe due to their different nationalities and cultural variety of people. This personality is the most feminine personality among the others. It gives a soft and sweet taste for the wearer, and it helps the individual to form a picture for himself/herself as the heroine in a historical romance. Being feminine is the aim of most ladies; smooth soft and kind look is also available for those who have this style of fashion (re fer to App. I, Fig. 3). Trendy Fashion Personality: A trendy fashion style is an up to date style where modern fashion exists which is related to the technological phenomena nowadays. This type of style includes young people from age eighteen to twenty-four years who follow fashion trends, are technology-savvy, up on the latest modern music, and in general are part of a group of people who all follow these same trends thus they can be known directly from the first sight. In addition there is difference between trendy women and men. Trendy girls are easily recognized. They are shopaholics, and therefore wear the latest top fashion clothes. They are notoriously known for tight-fitting jeans and belly buttons are exposed (usually pierced) by their wearing of small tops. Moreover they wear ripped jeans, flannel and converse shoes. Whereas typical trendy guys commonly wear tight jeans and are usually long with fancy new belts. They may also wear short sleeve t-shirts of top names such as FCUK, and may wear a jacket. People of trendy fashion style appreciate a good sale, dont especially look for value in their wardrobe and investment dressing is not their thing. Also they limit their budget but spend more time on fashion than others. Although they own some clothing in neutral colors, the idea of wearing an item of classic tailored clothing purchased several years ago is foreign to their fashion sensibility. Trendy fashion is not suitable for workplace. In contrary it is a perfect style for fun and entertainment places dressing the latest designer jeans, or six-inch high heels, and trendy wardrobe which makes the wearer stand out from the crowd, showoff and also fit in well with an active lifestyle. In conclusion, trendy fashion starts out being weird until it is picked up by a fashionable source consisting of models, stars and fashion labels further endorsing the product that is trend into the mainstream (refer to App. II). Casual Fashion Personality: Casual usually is the style where probably jeans, t-shirt, sweats, and pants are preferable. This style is a relaxing and comfortable one and trumps style. This style comes when no shots is coming at the near and no lights would take place in the individuals life. For this purpose this style does not look through the new fashion features. A casual person is much comfortable in ones decisions especially in choosing the clothes and colors and it is suitable more for the casual lifestyle, since it doesnt fit the workplace and official places too. People around this stylist feel stressed and tired from seeing the person with the same style always. Women and men dress randomly and they dont intend to wear something special or think hardly of the items even in buying it. They focus on accessories and hand bags more than any other alternatives. Casual style is totally away from the red carpets. This fad is just a casual one far from the famous life. The wardrobe of this style is free from special and chic items. This fashion style has a very strange personality; it is often a confusing one. The person having this style is a comfortable person focusing on other issues than on clothes, however the look through each item in the store whether they want to buy or not just for entertainment and being up to the latest fashion. An accessory attracts this person style since it is luxury according to them and it can complete their personality. This personality goes easily in wearing but confusing in mental thinking. Thus, casual fashion style is good in some places and inappropriate in other cases. Being a casual fashion style is very simple and easy (refer to App. III). Fashion is an essential and primary issue to be realized especially when an individual recognizes his/her personality and what fits it. Dealing and cooperating with fashion and styles is not an easy method, since not everything can be suitable and appropriate . In additional to that having a unique fashion style is not preferable since it makes a sense of loneliness and far from the usual styles found around. It minimizes the individuals personality as well. It is a way of showing thought, kindness, and feelings. A person must ask himself directly when looking at the mirror what clothes fits him/her exactly? Choosing the colors is one of the most important manners to care about and take into consideration. Choosing those modes reflects ones attitude through life and his/her taste in fashion. It is all related to ones perceptions. Furthermore, differentiating among: classic, trendy, romantic and casual style is a bit hard on those that have no definite type of dressing and for those who dont care for being a tidy and a good person. Choosing shoes, bags and accessories goes also for the rule of choosing those items and related them to clothes. In conclusion, by looking at a person we can know and realize what hes thinking of and his feelings by just looking at their way of dressing. This is a very simple way in knowing personalities rather than keep noticing each single movement of talking. Without regarding the emotions that also can be a big and important factor for distinguishing personalities.

The Benefits of Reading Shakespeare :: William Shakespeare

The wonders of Shakespeare As students we can concur with you that the works of Shakespeare are some of the most challenging that we are obliged to study in school. He does not seem to use English at all and his works are almost always lengthy and tragic. However, you can benefit from reading and understanding his writings. The fact that you as a student dislike Shakespearean Literature is something that we are well aware of. As you get more involved in reading his works though, you will be able to developed sharpened comprehension skills, better understanding his style of writing and you feel a sense of fulfillment. Yes, Shakespeare is challenging. In the first year of high school for most of you, Romeo and Juliet will be studied. What will you do? For most people the first experience is horrible. The play is long and there are all types of words like ?thee? and ?thy? which no one understands. However, the only way to get used to and understanding this is by reading more of his literature. One cannot expect to understand Shakespeare if they do not try their best to honestly read his works. So it will be best if you can sort of take it all in and have a positive attitude. Life throws a lot of things at us that we do not like, this is one of them. Remember to always approach Shakespearean Literature with a positive attitude. Reading Shakespeare is beneficial in that it helps build one?s comprehension skills. Shakespeare?s works are written in old English and so because of this, it is hard to understand. You will have to translate while reading. This is good because it improves your understanding capacity. It is excellent training for the brain. It will also help you to better understand and comprehend other works of literature. Doing this will help you to raise your grades, and who does not like good grades. With out it, you may not get into the collage you want or are capable of getting into. The works of Shakespeare is not fun for most of you. One way that you can fix this is by trying to make the subject more fun. Sometimes the subject maybe confusing but after reading it a couple of times you start to understand it and know the story line behind the literature.

Effects of Migration and Other Evolutionary Processes on Allele

Effects of migration and other evolutionary processes on allele frequency and fitness Life originated from a common ancestor and due to various mechanisms of evolution, the genotype of organisms has changed. Mutation, migration, genetic drift and selection are natural processes of evolution that affect genetic diversity. Mutations are spontaneous changes in genomic sequences (Robert, et al. , 2006); it is one of the processes that influence allele frequency. A mutation can either have a positive, negative or a neutral effect on an organism’s fitness.When organisms of the same species exhibit different phenotypes, the organism is polymorphic for that particular trait. A beneficial mutation that gives rise to polymorphic traits can improve the chance of survival. For example, the grove snail, Cepaea nemoralis, is famous for the rich polymorphism of its shell. A mutation in the locus responsible for colour produces different shell colours, ranging from yellow, pink, white and bro wn (Ozgo, 2005). Snails with brown shells are found in beechwoods where the soil is dark.Snails with brown shells are able to camouflage with the soil, thus avoiding being detected by predators (Jones, et al, 1977). As a result of avoiding predation, the frequency of alleles that code for brown shells will increase. However, according to the hitchhiking model, fixation of a beneficial mutation will decrease the diversity at linked loci (Chevin, et al. , 2008). If a new mutation increases the fitness of members of a particular species, a strong selective sweep on allele frequency will result to very few haplotypes existing in the population.The frequency of alleles that are positively selected and those that are closely linked will increase, but the other alleles will decrease. A mutation can be neutral, having neither a beneficial effect nor a negative effect. However, some mutations are lethal because they have a negative effect on fitness. The accumulation of deleterious mutations and the prevention of recombination reduce the fitness of individuals (Muller's ratchet). Experiment carried out on asexual and sexual yeast strains showed that sexually reproducing parts of the genome improved survival than asexually reproducing parts (Zeyl and Bell, 1997).Asexual strains decreased overtime because of Muller’s ratchet. On the contrary, sexual strains were able to stop the build-up of deleterious mutation due to recombination between chromosomes. Mutation in collagen-I gene is another example of lethal mutation reducing fitness. Collagen is a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals, it is one of the major components of blood vessels. An experiment carried out on mouse embryonic stem cells showed that mutation in collagen-I gene impairs the function of collagen-I (Lohler, et al. 1984). During the experiment, 13 embryos died because a mutation in mouse collagen-I gene caused the major blood vessels to rupture. According to background selection m odel, because a deleterious mutation reduces the fitness of individuals, deleterious mutations are selected against (Innan and Stephan, 2003); this will decrease the allele frequency of a population. Genetic drift is a stochastic process that refers to the fluctuations of genotype frequencies (Maynard, 1998); alleles are either fixed or permanently lost from the population.Due to the randomness of the process, genetic drift can eliminate beneficial alleles that could have improved survival. Genetic drift can also eliminate lethal alleles from a population and therefore improve survival rate. Genetic drift has larger effect on small populations than a large population (Maynard, 1998); this is because the rate of allele fixation or elimination is faster in a small population compared to a large population. Moreover, population bottleneck is an evolutionary process that increases the effect of genetic drift; it involves random events that prevent species from reproducing (van-Heerwaard en, et al. 2008). Population bottleneck decreases allele frequency and it reduces a population’s ability to adapt to new environmental pressures. For example, the current cheetah populations have low genetic diversity caused by a demographic bottleneck that occurred 10,000 years ago (Charruau, et al. , 2011). The surviving cheetah populations are not representative of the original cheetah population because they have less variation (founder effect). Due to low genetic diversity and less adaptation skills, the modern cheetah population is close to extinction. Natural selection is another evolutionary process that changes allele frequency.Organisms with advantageous alleles survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of the advantageous alleles. Individuals with disadvantageous alleles do not survive or reproduce and therefore the frequency of the disadvantageous alleles is reduced or eliminated from the population (William and Michael, 2003). Biston betularia (peppered mot hs) is a common example used to demonstrated natural selection (Saccheri, et al. , 2008). Before the industrial revolution, non-melanic peppered moths avoided predators by camouflaging with lichen-covered trees.Their ability to camouflage improved the rate of survival which increased the frequency of non-melanic alleles. Melanic peppered moths were not able to camouflage with the lichen trees, as a result, melanic moths were detected and predated by the song thrushes. This decreased the frequency of alleles that gave rise to melanic peppered moths. However, during the industrial revolution period, symbiotic lichens living on trees were killed because smog and soot were released when coal and other materials were burnt.As a consequence of the tree trunks becoming more visible, non-melanic peppered moths were more susceptible to predation because they were unable to camouflage with the trees. The ability to camouflage helped melanic moths to survive and reproduce, changing the populat ion allele frequency from mostly non-melanic alleles to mostly melanic alleles (Saccheri, et al. , 2008). Migration of species from one place to another can increase the rate of gene flow. Gene flow is the transfer of gene from one population to another (William and Michael, 2003); it changes the allele frequency of a population.The effect of migration on the gene pool of a population depends on the rate of migration. Various studies have shown that migration rate is not the same for all species (Tajima, 1990). Species with low migration rate will have less DNA polymorphism and species with high migration rate will have more polymorphic alleles (Tajima, 1990). The benefit of plant migration, which increases the chance of hybridization between plant species, can be demonstrated by examining the adaptation skills of Iris species. Iris nelsonii is a species of hybrid origin, with traces of I. fulva, I. hexagona and I. revicaulis. I. nelsonii picked up characteristics that are not prese nt in the parent population. For example, I. nelsnii can grow in sunny wet conditions whereas the parents can either grow in sunny dry conditions or wet and shady conditions (Taylor, et al, 2011). Given that I. nelsonii can survive in challenging environments, the allele frequency of the advantageous traits will increase. Furthermore, another benefit of gene flow through means of hybridization can be demonstrated by analyzing the genetic variation of Tragopogan species. Hybridization between T. dubious and T. pratensis produces T. iscellus, an allotetraploid that has multiple enzymes needed for various biochemical pathways (Tate, et al. , 2006). Hybridisation enabled T. miscellus and T. pratensis to survive because they were able to exploit the gene pool of both parents. However, migration can also have negative effects on survival. Given that I. nelsonii will exist in niches that parents cannot live in, gene flow between the hybrid and its progenitors will be reduced. If I. nelsoni i does not have alleles that can resists infection caused by parasites, an outbreak of a pathogenic disease can wipe out the entire I. nelsonii species.Although some evolutionary processes eliminate alleles from a population, multiple alleles can be maintained through frequency-dependent balancing selection (Matessi and Schneider, 2009). In negative frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes less common. An example of negative frequency-dependent selection is in the case of Cepaea nemoralis. C. nemoralis are regularly predated by song thrush birds called Turdus philomelos. These birds have a search pattern whereby it persists in targeting the most abundant morph, even if other morphs are available (Bond, 2007).If snails with yellow shells are common, then these snails will be eaten by song thrushes. As a result, the frequency of alleles that code for yellow shells will decrease. The fitness of other morphs such as pink, white and brown shells w ill increase because song thrushes would not search for rare coloured morphs. In conclusion, the four fundamental processes of evolution, mutation, genetic drift, natural selection and migration (gene flow), alters allele frequencies in populations. The consequences on survival fluctuate. Occasionally, altering allele frequency gives rise to traits that increases fitness.However, changing allele frequencies can also give rise to phenotypes that reduce fitness. Word count: 1390 Grade: A- My essay is easy to read and follow. I have given evidences and interpreted them where possible. I also gave examples from animals and plants to show that I have done outside reading. All of the points that were made are relevant as they ultimately answer4 the question e. g. whether the evolutionary processes increase of decrease allele frequency and fitness References Bond, AB, 2007. The evolution of color polymorphism: crypticity searching images, and apostatic selection.Annual Review Of Ecology Ev olution And Systemic, 38, pp. 489-514. Charruau, P. , Fernandes, C. , Orozco-ter Wengel, P. , Peters, J. , Hunter, L. , Ziaie, H. , Jourabchian, A. , Jowkar, H. , Schaller, G. , Ostrowski, S. , Vercammen, P. , Grange, T. , Schlotterer, C. , Kotze, A. , Geigl, EM. , Walzer, C. and Burger, PA. (2011). Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates. Molecular Ecology, 20, pp. 706-724. Chevin, LM. , Billiard, S. and Hospital, F. (2008).Hitchhiking both ways: Effect of two interfering selective sweeps on linked neutral variation. Genetics, 180, pp. 301-316. Innan, H. and Stephan, W. (2003). Distinguishing the Hitchhiking and Background Selection Models. Genetics, 165, pp. 2307-2312. Jones, J. S. , Leith, B. N. and Rawlings, P. (1977). Polymorphism in cepaea: a problem with too many solutions. Annual Reviews In Ecology And Systematics, 8, pp. 109–14. Lohler, J. , Timpl, R. and Jaenisch, R. (1984). Embronic lethal mutation in mouse collagen-I gene causes rupture of blood-vessels and is associated with erythropoietic and mesenchymal cell-death.Cell, 38, pp. 597-607. Matessi, C. and Schneider, KA. (2009). Optimization under frequency-dependent selection. Theoretical Population Biology, 76, pp. 1-12. Maynard, S. J. (1998). Evolutionary genetics. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Ozgo, M. (2005). Cepaea nemoralis (L. ) in southeastern Poland: Association of morph frequencies with habitat. Journal Of Molluscan Studies, 71, pp. 93-103. Saccheri, IJ. , Rousset, F. , Watts, PC. , Brakefield, PM. and Cook, LM. (2008). Selection and gene flow on a diminishing cline of melanic peppered moths.Proceedings Of The National Academy Of sciences Of The United States Of America, 105, pp. 16212-16217. Tajima, F. (1990). Relationship between migration and DNA polymorphism in a local-population. Genetics, 126, pp. 231-234. Tate, JA. , Ni, ZF. , Scheen, AC. , Koh, J. , Gilbert, CA. , Lefkowitz, D. , Chen, ZJ. , Soltis, PS. , Soltis, DE. (2006). Evolution and expression of homeologous loci in Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae), a recent and reciprocally formed allopolyploid. Genetics, 173, pp. 1599-1611. Taylor, SJ. , Willard, RW. , Shaw, JP. , Dobson, MC. and Martin, NH. (2011).Differential response of the homoploid hybrid species iris nelsonii (iridaceae) and its progenitors to abiotic habitat conditions. American Journal Of Botany, 98, pp. 1309-1316. van Heerwaarden, B. , Willi, Y. , Kristensen, TN. and Hoffmann, AA. (2008). Population bottlenecks increase additive genetic variance but do not break a selection limit in rain forest Drosophila. Genetics, 179, pp. 2135-2146. William, S. K. and Michael, R. C. (2003). Concepts of genetics. 7th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited. Zeyl, C. and Bell, G. (1997). The advantage of sex in evolving yeast populations. Nature, 388, pp. 465-468.

Its Common Sense That Animals Do Suffer essays

Its Common Sense That Animals Do Suffer essays It's Common Sense That Animals Do Suffer Many people and animal right activists object to having animals used in experiments. The animals used in medical research are put through experiment to help find cures for the well being of mankind, but somewhere down the line, some of these animals are tormented and tortured. Most of the researchers or "animal abusers" are caught and brought to court because of the heinous acts committed against these creatures and the excuse most animal abusers use is that animals do not suffer because they cannot communicate or express feelings. The author of "Animal Liberation", Peter Singer, argues that animals do suffer and most animals can communicate and express their feelings, such as pain. He states this clearly when he says, "Most people agree unhesitatingly that animals like cats and dogs can and do suffer." Many animals, such as mammals and birds communicate pain through, whimpering, yelping, and whining. Also, if animals did not suffer, then why would there be a law that prohibits cruelty towards animals. This law fines and even incarcerates people who abuse animals. Moreover, this law infers that animals do suffer and also, that they do have rights against inflicted, and unnecessary pain. In addition, one reason why people experiment with animals and do not care if the are hurting them is because animals do not have a language and cannot voice their feelings so they say. Science research found that chimpanzees ( a species similar to humans) can communicate and have a developed language. But what about infants? Infants cannot talk. So, are the not able to suffer because they lack a language? Why are these medical experiments not performed on infants? If animals do not hurt because they cannot communicate, then why can we not say the same for human babies? All in all, medical researchers are using animals to come up with cure for the many diseases and viruses humans bear....

Smart Alternatives for SAT Practice Tests

Smart Alternatives for SAT Practice Tests SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You probably already know that the gold standard for studying for the SAT is to use the official practice tests released by the College Board. Unfortunately, theSAT is getting completely redesigned after January 2016 – and there aren’t that many official questions for the new test yet. But the great news is that there are many ways to use otherresources to study effectively! Questions from other standardized tests, materials from your high school education, magazines and other publications –there is no shortage of ways to practice the knowledge and skills you’ll need for the new SAT! In this article, I’ll go through each section of the new SAT and talk about all the possible alternatives to regular practice questions. When it comes to the SAT redesign, the world really is your oyster. Which SAT Are You Studying For? After January 2016, the SAT will undergo a dramatic redesign. Each section will undergo major changes to both the format of the questions and the content that they cover. The main big picture change is that the SAT will no longer focus on testing skills and knowledge in isolation. For example, instead of checking your understanding of vocabulary or grammar through single sentences, the new SAT’s reading and writing sections will be entirely passage-based and depend a lot more on your ability to understand ideas in context. Sherlock Holmes: understandingincontext since 1887. In general, if you’re in the Class of 2016 or 2017, our advice is to take thecurrent version of the SAT (maybe even the ACT). That way you can take advantage of existing study resources. For some options, read ourroundup of the best SAT books, sometips for better test taking, and our detailed and extensive guides to the current SAT’smath,reading,writing, andessay sections. In this article, I'll describe how best to use alternative resourcesto study for the new SAT (the one that will be given after January 2016). Alternative Resources and the Best Way to Use Them Getting better scores on the SAT comes from better mastery of content and greater familiarity with format. In other words, to do well on the new SAT, you have to understand the math, grammar, logic, and writing concepts that are being tested. And at the same time, you have to have a good sense of timing and pace, the way test questions are phrased, and how the scoring system works. The best way to have the format start to feel like second nature is to use official tests from the College Board to imitate test-day conditions as closely as possible However, brushing up on the ideas and key concepts that are tested bySAT questions doesn’t have to be done only through officially released SAT materials. This is good news because there simply aren’t that many official materials available for the new test yet. In fact, since the new SAT tries to test reasoning and logicrather than your ability tospot confusing tricks, you don't need to rely quite as much on SAT guides that help you beat the test's weirdtricks. Instead, you can use published essays to help you understand how authors put arguments together, whichyou'll need for the new essay portion,or use science writing to get familiar with the way graphs and charts work as evidence, which will be key for the new reading questions. Mypoint is that the SAT is now trying to test actual real-world understanding, so using materials from that real world is a great way to build skills. Real-world knowledge? Finally, a chance to wow everyonewith my point-by-point comparison ofthe 7190 and 4504 Millennium Falcons! (R K/Flickr) In the next part of the article, I'll go through each of the new SAT’s sections and explain all the unofficialresources that can be used to study for it. Alternative Study Resources for Each New SAT Section Overall, the new SAT is a big change from the current format. But not each section has been changed to the same degree! I will go through them in order of least to greatest transformation. For a bird's-eye perspective on study approaches, you shouldreadour guide to studying for the new SAT. Math This is far and away the least changed part of the SAT, though there will be slight shiftsin question distribution. For example, there will now be fewer geometry questions and 5% of the questions will be on trigonometry. There will also be a greater emphasis on being able to interpret charts and graphs, and a general move towards more realistic scenarios for questions. Finally, there will be some multi-step questions based on a single problem. Math Content: Algebra – most questions will be about algebra concepts Geometry – now less than 10% of the test Basic trigonometry – now about 5% of the test Data interpretation – using graphs and charts Alternative Study Resources for Math Practice Tests: Old SAT math sections. These can help zero in on your knowledge and skill weaknesses, if youuse a notebook to keep track of your mistakes. These are also probably the closest to what you’ll see on test day. Companion books to official old SAT tests. Combining books that explain the answers toold SAT questionswith the notebook method could be a great way to figure out exactly why you are making the mistakes you’re making – and in turn this will help you isolate the content you need to review. Online SAT-style math questions. Although question banks written by other companies don’t tend to faithfully represent actual SAT questions, they are perfectly fine for studying content and for getting in even more practice with your math weak points. Check out ouroverview of the best question bank websites. SAT review books. There are so many of these that we have put together areview of the best ones to make your life easier. Your math textbook or an online version. Few SAT-type materials have questions on trigonometry because it has never been included on the SAT before. To review it or relearn it, you have to go back to the source. You can also tryKhan Academy’s math zone for the same thing. ACT math questions. Not only is the material covered quite similar, but the ACT also includes trigonometry. Trigonometry: where sin(gerine) / cos(gerine) = tan(gerine) Writing and Literature (previouslyReading and Writing) The old SAT’s separate Reading and Writing sections will now be combined into one section called Writing and Literature. Questions will now be entirely passage-based and will come from 1 passage on US and World Literature, 2 on History/Social Studies, and 2 on Science. Reading Content: Defining vocabulary in context – figuring out complex words through the role they play in a passage Logic and argumentation – identifying the way arguments are structured Evidence support questions – understanding how evidence is used to make arguments Data interpretation – making sense of charts and graphs used as evidence in nonfiction writing Alternative Study Resources for Reading Practice Tests: Passage-based reading questions from the old SAT. These won't be exactly like the ones on the new test, but they can help you practice context-based questions. For help onhow to tackle passage-based questions, read our guide. Passage-based reading questions in SAT review books. We havea list of the best ones for critical reading skills, so you don’t drown in the almost limitless choices out there. ACT Reading questions. The ACT Reading is also based on interpreting passages, so this is a useful source for more multiple-choice questions. GRE Reading Comprehension questions. The GRE Reading Comprehension passages (in the GRE Verbal Reasoning section of that test) are pitched at a higher level than the old SAT. If you are already a medium- to high-scoring student, thisis a great way to be exposed to more complex reading passages and questions. ACT Science questions. This suggestion may seem to come out of left field, but because the new SAT will feature data interpretation questions, ACT Science is a great place to test your graph and chart understanding skills. AP Language and AP Literature multiple choice section questions. These questions are all passage-based, and focus on the complexities of passage structure and logic. They are pitched at a higher level than the SAT, but if you do well on these, you’ll be fine on the SAT as well. Vocabulary guides. The new test will approach vocabulary very differently (only in context), but it could still help to check out ourfree set of 200 flashcardsof the most frequently occurring words on the old SAT as well as ourexplanation of the most effective way to use them. Read widely – particularly nonfiction. Books, magazines, and newspapers are great for gaining familiarity with the kind of language you will encounter on the new SAT. They'll also give you thebackground knowledge to help you understand reading passages better. Finally, they'll show you real-world examples of how charts, graphs, and other visual data representation areused as evidence in a passage. I recommend a weekly deep dive into a few articles fromWired, Grantland, The Atlantic, Slate, or FiveThirtyEight.If you have access to a subscription, you can also readThe Economist, the New York Times, Time Magazine, the magazine Science, or The New Yorker. I'll practice reading passages. I'll learn grammar and vocab. But charts and graphs? That's where I draw the line! Writing Content: Grammar – explaining grammar as it relates to the passage Punctuation rules – the proper way to use punctuation to clarify meaning Paragraph organization and logic – how individual sentences work within paragraphs, and how paragraphs are organized for logical flow Alternative Study Resources for Writing Practice Tests: Improving Passages questions on old SATs. These aren’t exactly like the questions you will find on the new SAT, but they will drill some of the same content. Grammar guides. Though there will be less gotcha-type grammar questions, you still need to know these rules of writing cold. To brush up, read through ourthorough explanation of SAT grammar. ACT English questions. These are already all passage-based and cover similar content, so they makeuseful toolsfor practicing your skills. Reading widely will help with this section as well. The more you read, the more language is embedded in your brain, the more you pick up on nuances of syntax and grammar. Read a piece of nonfiction every day! My go-to nonfiction? Science. I read a book on anti-gravity the other day, and couldn't put it down! The Essay The Essay section will be completely different on the new SAT. Not only will it now be 50 minutes long, but it will also be much closer to the essays you’ve been writing all along in high school. Essay Content: Analytical writing – you'll have to analyze an essay and explain how the author builds the argument Using evidence in your writing – your analysis should be supported by evidence from the passage (not examplesyou preslected inpreparation) Close reading – your analysis will necessarily focus not just on big-picture logic, but also deconstruct the author’s use of rhetorical devices and diction (also known as word choice) Alternative Study Resources for the Essay: AP English Language and Composition –Free Response Question 2.This part of the APtestalso asks you what the author is arguing and how the author is doing it – exactly what you will need to be able to do on the SAT. Things you learned in English class. Look through your notes, through your English class textbook, and over the essays you’ve written throughout high school to refresh your memory about the kind of writing you will have to do on this part of the SAT. Focus on close reading and learning to recognize rhetorical devices – hyperbole, figurative language, metaphors and similes, and other techniques to produce a response in the reader. Guides to the standard 5-paragraph essay. You will still be able to successfully use this format to answer the essay section of the SAT. For many explanations of the structure, search for â€Å"5-paragraph essay.† Excellent essays written by others. Reading well-written essays can help you understand how essays work and how authors structure arguments and ideas. Being very familiar with the genre makes itmuch easierto analyze the essay text you'll get on the SAT. You may pick up some helpful ideas for your own writing as well!One great source of excellent short essays isThe Electric Typewriter. What’s Next? Can’t get enough SAT books? We have more reviews of the best SAT prep books overall, and those books best suited to intense study. Want to explore more online resources? We have compiled a list of all the websites you should be using for your SAT prep. Need a break from all that studying? Relax with somefun SAT facts, feed yourcelebrity gossip cravings, and marvel at theaccomplishments of the famous. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

World history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

World history - Essay Example Safavid Empire (1502-1736), on the other hand, was a key ruling dynasty of Persia –the modern Iraq. The dynasty marked the beginning of the history of modern Persia (Strayer, 15). The Twelver school of Shi’a Islam was the empire’s official religion. Safavid succumbed to hasty collapse in 1722. The dynasty experienced a short restoration between 1729 and 1736 after ruling successfully between 1501 and 1722. The Empire controlled nearly all parts of modern Iraq, Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, and Kuwait. Songhai Empire dominated mainly the western Sahel between 15th and 16th century. The empire was among the largest in both African and Islamic history (Strayer, 21). The ruling ethnic group was entirely the Songhai people. Apart from Gao (the capital), other key cities under the empire include Djenne and Timbuktu. In summary, Songhai rulers took advantage of the weakening Mali Empire to reassert control of Gao and further expand Songhai rule. Askia’s successors plotted a series of coups that led to instability and a period of decline. The dawn of modern world history and the Colombian exchange involved the discovery of the Americas in the Western world. The Colombian Exchange was among the most critical and establishing events of the modern world. The dawn of modern world history and the Colombian exchange was also the beginning of the era of global trade. In particular, the exchange focuses on the history of the Americas in the pre-Colombian era. Apparently, the animal, bacterial, and plant life of the Americas and Afro-Eurasia began to mix after Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas (Strayer, 27). The Colombian Exchange had dramatic effects on the world. For instance, it led to the introduction of new diseases to American populations. The American population did not have prior experience of these diseases. The outcomes were overwhelming and

Operational Management 302 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operational Management 302 - Essay Example The implementation of these standards is usually through the national standard bodies. In particular, ISO 9000 deals with quality management systems. ISO 9000 is a family of standards that provides organizations with quality management standards as well as quality products and services. Some of the notable standards include the ISO 9001: 2008 that provide the specific requirements that are set for a quality management system. Another standard is the 9000: 2009; this provides the basic concepts that are applied as well as the language. In order to increase the efficiency and the effectiveness of a quality management system, the ISO: 9004: 2009 comes into play. The most recent in this family is the ISO 19011: 2011; this one provides guidance on the audit of quality management system. ISO 9000 provides for a system audit in order to ensure adherence to set standards. Auditing is done in two main ways, firstly, by an external auditor and secondly by an internal auditor. The main objective of auditing is to ensure that at no given point will the system fail while providing continual improvement of the system. In some cases, the company can make a step of having the clients conduct an audit of the quality management systems. Auditing makes the company to develop an initiative of regular monitoring of its systems in order to ensure there is compliance with the set standards. Full compliance with the provisions of the ISO 9000 standards makes an organization to be ISO 9000-certified. The process of certification requires that an accreditation body be hired to conduct the assessment in order to prove whether there is compliance or not. The assessment of the organization is done from the staff level where they are interviewed in order to ensure they have an understanding of ISO compliance. In addition, the paperwork is assessed; a report is then made that details all the requirements that have been met as well as those that do not comply.

Unit 1 Lab Assignemnt Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 1 Lab Assignemnt - Coursework Example Creating a scope sets a range of IP addresses that the DCHP leases to the clients (Bender 27). Creating an exclusion range of IP addresses, on the other hand, sets a range of IP addresses that one would not like to be offered to the DCHP clients. To enable a DHCP client to use an address permanently, one creates client reservations. Knowledge of the above concepts helps a networker prevent errors that may develop from improper configuration. DHCP uses options to pass additional IP setting to DHCP clients on a network. These options include DNS server, Domain name or the wins server. Configure server options applies the options to all scopes while configure scope options applies the options to a single scope (IT Essentials: Pc Hardware and Software Companion Guide 53). The design of DHCP options involves definition of parameters and settings to establish the boundaries of a given DHCP configuration. The options can be applied in a single scope or applied to all scopes defined in the server. Understanding the above concepts helps a networker efficiently make changes and debug errors to either one scope or all the scopes defined in the server. In addition to the DHCP configuration, there exist advanced settings for DHCP. One can enable the pool configuration, specify additional service availability settings and set up HA synchronization. Configuring a DHCP relay agent involves configuring the relay agent program on a computer (It Essentials: Pc Hardware and Software Companion Guide 76). Messages can be sent through different subnets only if a networker understands the concept of setting up a relay agent and sets up one. Setting up a relay agent on a computer on each subnet allows message traffic to be relayed to computers on different subnets (Bender 67). This knowledge helps a network developer a lot in minimizing the cost that would have been incurred in purchasing another DHCP server. Configuration Protocol for IPv6 can also be configured for DHCP.

The Epitome of Public Service Essay Example for Free

The Epitome of Public Service Essay The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, as Sandra McElwaine puts it, has had her stint with the news media for looking a bit more refreshed, the pseudo-acronym for plastic surgery . Pelosi’s refreshed look tells the story of a firm character and a patriot’s dedicated service to a nation with no sign of giving up characterized by the absence of veins of strain on her magnificent face. The glamorous grandma, as it is obviously illustrated with her sharp present-eyes that would pierce anyone who poses opposition for the pro-Jew democrat is magnificent despite her age with her seamless features . Pelosi comes from a family with a strong tradition in public service. Thomas D’Alessandro, Jr. , Pelosi’s father, after representing the city of Baltimore in Maryland for five congressional terms, also went on to serve as its mayor for twelve years. Thomas D’Alessandro III, her brother, followed in her father’s footsteps as he served as the city’s mayor as well. She graduated from Washington’s Trinity College in 1962 and together with her husband Paul Pelosi, they have five children: Alexandra, Jacqueline, Christine, Nancy Corinne and Paul. Pelosi has represented the eighth district of California in the United States House of Representatives. The eighth district consists most of San Francisco City which includes Chinatown, Golden Gate Park, Fisherman’s Wharf as well as many of the numerous neighborhoods adding up to San Francisco community’s vibrancy as well as prosperity. The current House Speaker has led campaigns for the increase of educational opportunities for young Americans as well as campaigns for the protection of employees. Additionally, Pelosi has been extremely vocal on legislations that promote health care, especially women’s health as well as the creation of a nationwide health-tracking-network that was aimed at assessing the connection between chronic diseases and environmental pollutants. Moreover Pelosi has also led efforts aimed at increasing investments in health as well as health related research whereupon she has secured financial support that doubled the National Institutes of Health’s budget . Together with the help of other representatives, Pelosi has prevailed against efforts aimed at reducing funding for international family planning programs. The creation of housing opportunities for individuals living with HIV/Aids ranks among Pelosi’s major legislative victories. Additionally, she has also been at the forefront of accelerating the development of an HIV vaccine as well as the expansion of access to Medicaid for individuals who have been infected by the deadly virus. Moreover, the speaker was also at the forefront in the house campaign that saw funding for Ryan White CARE Act increased. Other programs that have also seen her staunch support include the Minority HIV/AIDS Initiative in addition to other critical programs to people infected with HIV/AIDS. Her passion for improved health services to the American public has also seen her successfully increase access to health insurance for disabled Americans by way of ensuring that they are continuously covered with a healthcare policy . Moreover Pelosi was also a vehement force in the passage of legislation that saw nonprofit organizations assisted in the creation of affordable housing. As a member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) for the longest continuous time of service in the history of the committee (ten years) which also include two years as a Ranking Democrat, she worked to guarantee military commanders as well as policymakers access to accurate and timely intelligence critical for directing diplomatic initiatives as well as success during combat and protection of American forces. Pelosi’s service to the Public has not been limited to American soil as she has also been vocal in meetings the world over with both American as well as foreign intelligence leaders. In this regard, Pelosi has called for increased attention to the danger that America and the international community is exposed to with the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction including nuclear as well as biological threats . In a move that finalized her passion for public service, Pelosi led congressional reviews of American security and intelligence agencies whereupon she authored legislation aimed at creating an autonomous national commission to examine the federal government’s performance before, during as well as after the September 11 attacks. Pelosi’s virtue and humanity is resplendent and reflective in her advocacy for human rights around the world. This is especially evident with her brutal but intelligent fights for the improvement of human rights in China, especially in the context of her tying of America’s commerce with China to the communist state’s human rights record. The peak of her human rights stints with China has to be her efforts to free Tibetans. Just as the environment and the public are two symbiotic aspects inextricably bound, Pelosi’s service to the public is not complete without shades of environmental efforts . She secured the passage of a stipulation within the International Development and Finance Act of 1989. In this act, the World Bank as well as all regional multilateral development banks is required to assess likely environmental effects of all development projects they finance. Additionally, the said institutions are required to make these assessments available publicly. This Pelosi tool has evolved as a critical tool for foreign and indigenous non-governmental organizations in the world. Work Cited Page American Power. â€Å"Nancy Pelosi: Safe Environment a Basic Human Right. American Power. Gaffney, Mark, â€Å"Who is Nancy Pelosi? Bi-partisan consensus on Americas War in the Middle East† Common Dreams (2005). Garber, Kent (2010) â€Å"Pelosi Fights for More Low Income Subsides in Healthcare. † US News World Report. McElwaine, Sandra. â€Å"Who Did Nancy Pelosis New Face? † The Daily Beast. (2009). Rosenthal, Cindy Simon and Peters, Ronald M. , â€Å"Who is Nancy Pelosi? † PS: Political Science Politics, V. 41. (2008)

Industry Analysis Of The Beer Companies Commerce Essay

Industry Analysis Of The Beer Companies Commerce Essay The U.S. beer industry got its start in the 1840s and 1850s with the introduction of lager style beers, brought by German immigrants. Before that point, beers were heavily oriented toward ale, porter, and stout and were mostly brewed at home. At about the same time, several technological advances occurred that led to the development of the U.S. beer industry as we know it today. Mechanical refrigeration greatly aided in the production as well as the storage of beer. Pasteurization was also adopted during this period, which opened the way for wide-scale bottling and off-premise consumption of beer. By 1850 there were about 430 breweries in the United States, producing about 750,000 barrels of beer annually. Commercial brewers began to grow in size and number, and by the late nineteenth century there were almost 1,300 breweries. The beer industry is widely known for been an oligopoly. However, in our approach, we will explore the possibility of analyzing microbreweries in particular from a monopolistic competition market structure perspective. The beer market oligopoly is composed by three big players: Anheuser-Busch which holds 48 % of the market share, Miller Brewing Co., with 18% and Coors Brewing Co. with 11%. Please refer to the below graph and table for information regarding the market share held by the remaining companies. (Market shares are shown based on shipments of 205.6 million cases in 2005 and 210 in 2006) Anheuser-Busch Company is a dominate competitor. It is the largest brewing company in the United States, operating 12 breweries in the United States and 20 in other countries. Anheuser-Busch InBev is the largest global brewer with nearly 25% global market share and one of the worlds top five consumer products. The brewing industry as a whole is made up of several dominant multinational companies and thousands of smaller producers, which range from regional breweries to microbreweries. The market is heavily saturated with competition. The beer industry is divided into standard lager, premium lager, specialty beer, ales, stouts, and bitters, and low/no alcohol. These three varieties are divided in smaller categories based taste, what the beer is made from, calories, strength, etc. In the MillersCoors family they sell Miller Lite, Coors Light, Blue Moon Belgian White, Coors, Fosters Henry Weinghards, Icehouse, Keystone Premium, Leinenkugels Killians Irish Red. Miller Genuine Draft, Miller High Life, Milwaukees Best, Molson Canadian, Peroni Nastro Azzurro, Pilsner Urquell, Red Dog, and that just begins to scratch the surface. Coors and Miller light are the top selling beers. They are pale lager beers called Pilsners. Through diversification of products, mergers and joint ventures with competitors to strength portfolio diversity and gain market share MillerCoors Brewing Company has competed fiercely against its competition and will continue to grow through striving for excellence and innovation. Smaller Competitors (not limited too) Asahi Breweries Diageo Heineken Kirin Brewery Company Carlsbery Boston Beer Company Lion Nathan San Miguel Corporation II. Socioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Economic The alcohol industry has faced many policies, regulations, laws, and rules to govern the manufacture, promotion, distribution, sale, and use of alcohol. Some include but are not limited to. The Prohibition in the United States banning the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol shut down the brewing industry for 13 year between 1920 and 1933. The alcohol excise taxes that impose volume taxes on distilled spirits, win, and beer that are in addition to State alcohol taxes. Keg tagging and Registration that would hold buyers accountable. Community-based approaches to reduce risks associated with retail alcohol environments such as Responsible Beverage Service. Limiting alcohol sales licenses. Limiting Alcohol Sales at public events, being able to cut people off. Advertising limits and regulations, underage consumers can not be marketed to. Numerous state laws regarding the sale of alcohol (such as Indiana cannot sell alcohol on Sundays) and legal limits for driving. III. Porters Five Forces A. Threat of New Entrants (low/medium) The Threat to New Entrants in low to medium, low because it would be difficult to achieve the success of the larger companies such as Anheuser-Busch or MillerCoors and medium because it is possible to enter as a small microbrewery although if success surround the microbrewery more than likely one of the big competitors would enter a joint venture or merge with the company. Although as illustrated in the graph below the beer industry is growing. Many factors could cause this including the current economic recession. During difficult economic times the sales of alcohol increases. Due to the high rules and regulation apposed on the beer industry and the high market presence of top competitors it would be difficult for new entrants to hurt MillerCoors. Looking at the situation in a different way Coors to be successful and competitive had to merge with Molson Inc. and begin joint venture with multiple other companies the largest being Miller Inc. To be successful in this market it takes a great deal of capital for raw materials, production, advertising, and distribution. For a start-up company alone it would be difficult to raise the capital needed. B. Suppliers The Threat of Suppliers is Medium/High. Raw materials account for a large percentage of the total costs and if supplier increase prices it cuts into the profit or the company has to price its product higher and because the beer industry is so competitive that could prove to be problematic. Although it is medium to high because MillerCoors is such a large company that it gives them a backbone to be able to negotiate. The supplier though overall could have a big impact on the final product. C. Buyers The threat of buyers is high because people do not always have brand loyalty when it comes to beer. There is a large number of brewers and companies and without brand loyalty the buyer way buy whats cheapest, or on sales, etc. Buyers taste and preferences control the market. The beer industry has even began to make beers with only 55 calories for the beer drinkers trying to watch their weight. The amount of money put into research and development and advertising shows the power of the consumers and the need for market share. D. Substitute Products The threat of substitutes is medium because although in the alcohol industry there is a lot of choices many beer drinkers like the low alcohol social drink. Many people drink beer at ball games, bars, football games, nascar events, and so on and it is more a culture. There will always be other options to what people would like such as water, tea, carbonated beverages, etc. but beer is beer and not easily replaced in the culture. E. Rivalry The threat of Rivalry is high because the market is heavily saturated with completion. Many companies have merged and began joint ventures and the market has consolidated thus creating powerhouses and it would be difficult for a company to penetrate the market while the powerhouses have such strong market shares not only in the United States but globally also. IV. Conclusion As for the industry analysis I believe that the beer industry is a growing market with few major players and many microbreweries. Anheuser-Busch has a strong hold on the market share although there are areas that Coors can improve upon to gain market share such as brand image and lack of marketing. The market is heavy saturated with competitors although many are small compared to Anheuser-Busch, Miller, and Coors. It would be difficult to penetrate the larger market because of the strong hold they have on the market share especially Anheuser-Busch. Anheuser-Busch has strong brand recognition/awareness and strong marketing campaigns this is the key to their success. Part II: Firm Analysis I. Current Situation It is drank at ball games, bars, when people are celebrating, when people are depressed, and sometimes just when people have had a long day at work. Beer is the oldest and most widely consumed alcoholic beverage. It ranks third in most popular drinks falling behind only water and tea. In 2006 more than 35 billion gallons of beer was sold with producing total global revenue of $294.5 billion. The Coors Brewing Company is the worlds fifth-largest brewing company in the world and Molson Coors Brewing Company is third largest brewing company in the U.S. Its popularity is linked to having the largest single brewery facility in the world, marketing research and understanding of it consumers, financial structure and most importantly through strong branding. Molson Coors Brewing Company strive to continually challenge and consistently reinvest in its people as passionate stewards of the brand. Molson Coors Brewing Company grew from the dreams of Adolph Coors and John Molson. Both individuals though different in many aspects shared the same common passion for brewing. Their journeys started and ended in different times and locations but together they work toward what is now known as Molson Coors Brewing Company. Separated by many years and numerous miles their dreams in 2005 overlapped with the Merger of Molson Inc. and Golden, Colorados Adolph Coors Company. Than to become a better competitor of Anheuser-Busch in 2007 SabMiller and Molson Coors Brewing Company entered into a joint venture to create MillerCoors. The Coors history begins in 1873 when the Golden Brewery opens, advertising bottled beer, ale, porter, cider, imported and domestic wines and seltzer water. In 1890 17,600 barrels of beer were outputted. With a growing company in 1920 the prohibition aka The Noble Experiment took place making the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption illegal this ended in 1933 and the Golden Brewery resumed operations. In 1953 Coors began to advertise on television and in 1955 Coors produced more than 1 million barrels. In 1970 the annual sales exceeded 7 million barrels. 1975 Coors becomes a publically traded company. In 1990 annual production exceeds 19 million barrels. In 1991 Coors became available in can and bottles in Indiana and was than available in all 50 states. In 2005 Coors Brewing Company and Molson Inc. merged together to take a leading role in the consolidating global brewing industry. In 2008 Molson Coors entered in to a joint venture with SABmiller to creat e MillerCoors in the United States. B. Strategic Posture The mission is not clearly stated on their website. All I could find was their community investments mission which is Our community investment mission is to promote the health and well being of individuals and communities where we do business. Our investments treat all people and resources with integrity and respect. I think on their website they have done a good job at showing people how they have become involved in protecting the environment and that they view being socially and environmentally responsible important. I believe that Coors need to have a mission, vision, and values statement to show all their employees, managers, suppliers, distributors, and even customers what they hope to accomplish and what they stand for. If a company has a direction to move toward they can begin taking steps forward. After more research on another site I found a vision for the company but on the companys own site I could not find it. The other site said their vision was, Molson Coors vision is to be a top-performing brewer winning through inspired employees and great brands. Were driving growth by becoming an innovative, brand-led company, delivering and re-investing productivity for growth as we build a winning, value-based culture. I believe for them to get their desired results that they will have to better market themselves. This includes restructuring their website and getting their mission out. Anheuser-Busch does a great job at presenting a story that people can follow and laugh with. II. External Environment (Opportunities and Threats) Opportunities included their merger with Molson and their joint ventures to capture more of the market share. They also have a lot of potential for growth because the beer industry itself is growing. Their name is known and now they just have to improve on what their name signifies. Threats included substitutes products as well as other brewing companies. The high market share of Anheuser-Busch. III. Internal Environment (Strengths and Weaknesses) Strengths included innovation, and a diverse portfolio of brands and products. The company also has a long history, working capital, and experience through difficult times. Weaknesses include bad publicity that has occurred. No clear mission, vision, and values for the company, suppliers, distributors, and customer can read. Another weakness is the high threat of substitutes in the market. The management of Coors realized that they needed to band with other competitors to ensure that they could be a presence in the marketing. They have taken actions to improve marketing and are still working toward making the company better. Change is not a short process and it takes a lot of time for people to accept change. Recommendations Improve on brand awareness through marketing and advertising. Coors needs to become a more friendly company that people can known and trust like a Disney or Pepsi. When people think beer most people automatically think Budweiser and Coors needs to work to have their name out more, sponsor events, have commercials, etc. Part III: Firm to Firm (Coors vs. Class Strategic Company) Analysis Anheuser-Busch and Coors are much like Pepsi and Coke. They are both highly competitive companies that continually try to innovate and create new more attractive products for their consumers. All four companies attempt to satisfy consumer needs and wants. In this situation Anheuser-Busch is the Pepsi Company because they both hold overwhelming control of the market share. Coors is like Coke as Coke only holds 27% of the market share in the United States and Coors holds somewhere in the high teens. Unlike Coors though Coke has a strong marketing strategy but has not been able to compete with Pepsi on a global level. Their Porters analysis are also very similar. Work Cited Banham, Russ. Coors: a Rocky Mountain Legend. Lyme, Conn.: Greenwich Pub. Group, 1998. Print. Ogle, Maureen. Ambitious Brew: the Story of American Beer. Orlando: Harcourt, 2006. Print. Van, Munching Philip. Beer Blast: the inside Story of the Brewing Industrys Bizarre Battles for Your Money. New York: Times Business, 1997. Print.