Motivation in the Workplace Essay

Motivation is difficult to explain and practice. However motivation is still the one thing that makes people productive in their jobs. Whether the motivation is tangible or not, it all depends on the individual and how management takes the information and applies it. There are many theories and practices that can be studied and applied to any situation. Motivational theories are studied and practiced by theorists and companies to increase productivity. According to Jerald Greenberg (1999) scientist have defined motivations â€Å"as the process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal†. The act of arousing is related to the desire and vigor to produce. Directing is the election of behavior, and maintenance is the inclination to behave a certain manner until the desired outcome is met (Greenberg 1999). Much of the motivation theories will be related to the definition provided. Some major motivation theories along with the method to successfully motivate employees will be introduced. The theory and method that a manager may choose to use will depend on the environment and on the individual. There are two types of motivation theories content and process. The Content theories are based on the basic need and drives. The other theories focus on the process by which people are motivated (Pepitone, 1999). Content theories of motivation focus on this question: What causes behavior to occur and stop? The answers usually center on (1) the needs, motives or desires that drive pressure and forces employees to action and (2)employees’ relationships to the incentive that lead, induce, pull and persuade them to perform. The needs or motives are internal to the individual. They cause people to choose a specific course of action to satisfy a need. Incentives are external factors that give value or utility to the goal or outcome of the employees’ behavior (Pepitone, 1999). Abraham H. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a content motivational theory. Maslow’s basis was human behavior. He conducted his investigation between 1939 and 1943. The hierarchy of needs has five sets of goals that are called basic needs. Maslow’s idea was â€Å" people will not be healthy and well-adjusted unless they have their needs met† (Greenberg 1999). Maslow arranged the needs in different levels in order of importance. As in a hierarchy the lower level are the most basic needs and the top are the higher level needs. Looking at the figure below one can see how the hierarchy works. The lower order needs must be met before proceeding to the higher order needs. According to Greenberg (1999), Maslow’s needs are in the following order: physiological need, safety need, social need, esteem need, and self-actualization. Man’s basic needs are physiological, for example, hunger, thirst, sleep, etc. When these are satisfied they are replaced by safety needs reflecting one’s desire for protection against danger or deprivation. These in turn, when satisfied are replaced by the need for love or belonging to, which are functions of man’s desire to belong to a group, to give and receive friendship and to associate happily with people. When these needs have been satisfied, the esteem needs seeks to be met. One desires self -esteem and self-respect, which are affected by a person’s standing reputation, and his need for recognition and appreciation. Finally, individuals have a need for self-actualization or a desire for self-fulfillment. The urge by individuals for self-development, creativity and job satisfaction (Boeree 1999) In the past, management rewards systems have attempted to satisfy an individual’s lower level needs for safety and physiological security, for protection against deprivation and the threat to a worker or his family. However, management rewards systems should be, aiming to satisfy the individual’s actual need (Boeree 1999). When believed that a certain reward is important and can be attained, the individual will demonstrate a given amount of effort. This in turn will be demonstrated in performance. The link between effort, performance and expectancy is about accomplishing the task. The links between the performance and reward are connected. One’s assumption for whether the rewards are available if the person worked effectively describes the link. In this link the manager/organization is responsible of acknowledging the performance of the employee. If the manager/organizatio n does not acknowledge the employee, there can be a breakdown in the motivation. The acknowledgment needs to be direct, strong, and immediate. Employees usually determine in advance what their behavior may accomplish and the value they place on alternative possible accomplishments or outcomes. Goal setting theory is the specification of goal to increase performance. Assigning difficult goals usually result in higher performance. Goal setting has three components that have to be used to successfully apply this concept. First the identification of the process, then the characteristics and finally the feedback. The characteristics of goal setting consist of making the goal specific and challenging. The goal must be challenging to increase self-efficacy. It has been noted that a difficult task tends to increase an employee’s performance. This may be because usually people work harder to reach a challenging goal as long it is believed that it can be done. Lastly, feedback will allow people to be informed of their progress. This stage usually included praises about the good job that has been done (Wheaton & Cameron, 1998). The descriptions of content and process theories of motivation dealing with organizational and individual behavior are briefly explained. The explanation is only a basis for a better understanding on why and how to approach the concept of motivating employees. All the theories conclude that the manner that managers perceive their organizations and their employees affect their productivity. Whether they are private, public or non-profit organization their aim is to be productive and effective. When looking at the different sectors, they have different goals and objectives, and therefore they must take different approaches in management. Though this may be true we must also acknowledge that all sectors require one to motivate their staff to produce. As managers we must into consideration the different type of individual that make up our organizations. One must modify management styles and behaviors. Dr. Renis Likert has researched many organizations and developed an effective manner to motivate employees and have a productive organization. He has identified four management styles that he feels should be a part of management style in an organization. First exploitive style is where management makes all the decisions and the lower levels are given no power this style has an authoritative approach. The second is the benevolent style that has an authoritative approach, however in this case the management has some trust. The consultative style has substantial amount of trust in their staff. The staff is motivated by reward and some involvement. There is some communication and teamwork involved. Lastly the participative style is more of the group approach. Management has confidences in their staff and the staff feels responsible in accomplishing the organizations mission. This style encourages communication and teamwork. The participative style is the best approach for profit and customer service organizations. Organizations should make the transition to train management to motivate their staff using the participative approach (Cook 1991). As a manager it is difficult to motivate your staff to be productive; however, using certain methods can create a positive environment. It was thought that money motivated people but that has changed. Much of the theories discussed before deal with individual behaviors and needs. One can conclude that motivation is internal and as employers one must make observations and decide what each individual desires. According to Cook (1991) manager must give their staff as much as an organization can. Many employees want to have benefits and security, however; what happens after a job has provided those needs. Remember that Maslow theory has the five needs of an individual and they do not all deal with the necessary needs. As an employer identifying what stage your employee is in will help in putting a plan into action. Collaboration is a way to give employees the feeling of importance. Eliminating any kind of obstacle will create an atmosphere that your staff is eager to perform (Bruce, A. & Pepitone, J. 1999). Another approach is educating your employees and matches them to projects that they find interesting and those on which they are knowledgeable. Employees are willing to work harder on projects that they can relate to. This will also increase their success rate that will help in improving their self-esteem. Yet another way to increase productivity is with empowerment. Giving people the choice to make decisions and giving them the tools and supports to their job will increase the inner motivation force within the employees. Encourage staff to satisfy their need for affiliation and create a relationship with the employee to be part of the organizations mission. It is difficult to motivate employees when a manager’s view is negative. For instance a manager’s behavior is explained with McGregor’s Theory X or Theory Y. In this case a manager must identify what style of managing is most effective. Building morale is an important concept when motivating employees. Morale will help create productivity in an organization. Developing a shared vision is a way to begin building morale. For instance as managers, one must communicate views honestly a directly during discussion with employees about performance. Make sure they have the necessary information to do their job. Allow employees to influence their own performance goals. Get out of the office, be visible and accessible. Communicate a clear view of the long-range direction of the organization. Listen carefully and consider the opinions of others open-mindedly before evaluating staff. Communicate high personal standards informally with day-to-day contact. Remember to acknowledge the progress that the staff has achieved either with certificates, a note or just a tap on the shoulder. The staff wants to be told that they are doing a good job (Pepitone & Bruce, 1999). Again empowering staff requires some basic principles. Inform the staff what their responsibilities are. Give them authority equal to their responsibilities. Set standards of excellence. Provide people with training that will enable them to meet these standards. Provide feedback on performance. Recognize them for their achievements. Trust and treat them with dignity and respect (Nelson 1997). Showing staff that management is listening and affirming that you understand their view will create positive work environment. The language that use is also very important. Using â€Å"we† and â€Å"us† when speaking of the organization this will make the staff feel a part of the organization, thus improving the productivity of the staff. Encourage employees to make suggestion no matter how small the idea may be, and this will create a comfortable environment and inspire more significant ideas (Cook 1991). It is important to point out, however, that motivation must be used wisely. The misuse of some theories and techniques could result in negative consequences. Remember that employees who receive rewards on performance tend to perform better than employees in groups where rewards are not based on performance. Understanding the causes of human behavior can predict the behavior to the extent that the behavior can be controlled. Therefore, if managers understand the relationship between incentives, motivation, and productivity, they should be able to predict the behavior of their employees. Consequently, managers who know this, and know how to apply given incentive, can expect to realize increased productivity from employees. Today, 70% of employees are less motivated while 50% only put enough effort into their work to keep their job (Spitzer 1995). Many managers are not sure of the technique to use to motivate their staff. The best way to find what motivates staff is to ask them directly. This may be done informally or during performance evaluations. Find out what he/she wants from the organization and what makes them happy. A happy employee will be more productive than an unhappy one. If there has been a problem with absenteeism it may be because the organization is not fulfilling their needs. Whether it is need for achievement, the need for power, the need for affiliation, or the basic needs as studied by Herzberg, McClelland, or Maslow as a manager must examine and modify the management approach. References Boeree, C. George (2006) Abraham Maslow. Available: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html Cook, M. (1991). 10-Minute Guide to Motivating People. New York: Alpha Book Greenberg, J. (1999) Managing Behavior in Organizational (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Learning, Reinforcement, Reward System and Self-Management Teams. Available: www.emporio.edu Nelson, B (1997). 1001 Ways to Energize Employees. New York: Workman Publishing Pepitone, J. &Bruce, A. (1999) Motivating Employees. New York: McGraw Hill Spitzer, D. (1995). Super Motivation. New York: AMACON. Wheaton & Cameron.(1998) Developing Management Skills 4th Ed. Addison –Wesley Inc

Glory Movie Essay

Glory is both an awe inspiring and heart wrenching movie about the first all black volunteer company to fight in the civil war. The movie starts off with Col. Robert Gould Shaw leading a company of soldiers in Antietam which suffers heavy losses. Soon he is promoted to Colonel and given command to the 54th Massachusetts volunteer infantry; the first all black regiment. The first volunteer to sign up is an educated black man named Thomas Searles who is also Shaws friend. Many more men join the regiment including an escaped slave named Trip, a free black man named Jupiter Sharts, as well as the gravedigger Rawlins. After realizing the regiment in never going to be more than anything but manual labor, Colonel Shaw confronts his superiors and demands to be transferred to somewhere where they will see some fighting or else he will report him to the War Department for suspicious business. Shaws request is granted and is transferred to South Carolina where they successfully fight off a group of confederates. This movie was a huge hit. Released in 1989, it won a total of 16 awards including 3 Oscars and god nominated for 12 more awards. The Director Edward is well-known for his heroic movies that include Glory (1989), and the breathtaking works of art that include Legends of the Fall (1994) as well as modern hits such as Love and other Drugs (2010) and Defiance (20080. Zwick has also been known for his thoughtfulness as a director, and for his record of working with television series and other films as a producer. The movie itself was destined for greatness with huge Hollywood names such as Denzel Washington who played Trip and Morgan Freeman who played John Rawlins also great supporting actors like Matthew Broderick who played Colonel Shaw and Andre Braugher to play Thomas Searles. The movie budget was 18,000,000 and grossed a total of 26,830,000. In my own rating system 5 being the best and 1 being the lowest the movie got a 4. The movie deserved every award it got. There were amazing battle scenes as well as some very emotional scenes as well. Denzel Washington was an amazing actor, the scene where he was getting whipped for deserting (which we later find out was to find shoes) while the colonel was watching was one of the most heart wrenching scenes in the movie. As well as great acting the story never skips a beat. There’s never a dull moment. The movie had a clear plot and you could easily understand why something was happening. The movie gave a realistic view of how hard things were for African Americans were and their hunger to fight for what they believe is right. The historical accuracy of Glory is pretty questionable. It does a good job addressing the hardships and discrimination the 54th did go through. However like all Hollywood history movies it does have its rights and wrongs. Most of the volunteers in the movie were depicted as fugitive slaves when in reality they were free men in Massachusetts. Of the major characters in the movie’s version of the regiment, only Robert Gould Shaw was a real person. The rest are made up characters. The name of Shaw’s executive officer (Cabot Forbes) is a combination of the first name from one of the real Shaw’s friends and the last name of another. Colonel Shaw was a married man yet in the movie it wasn’t shown. Though it may not have been a big point in history it was a big part of Colonel Shaw’s personal life. At the end of the movie it states that â€Å"over half† of the regiment was lost during the assault on Fort Wagner. However, official records state that the 54th sustained 272 casualties, which is closer to 40%. Of these casualties, only 116 were fatalities, just under one fifth of the men to storm the fort, however if you include the 156 that were captured it would bring your total to over half. Most aspects of the movie however are true. When the black soldiers refused pay due to discrimination Colonel Shaw did refuse his pay as well. Against all expectations the 54th rose above that and proved them wrong. They proved their valor and honor throughout several battles during the war. There was a memorial made to Colonel Shaw and his 54th and thus solidifying their regiment as one of the most influential and memorable of all time. Bibliography * Glory. Dir. Edward Zwick. Perf. Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, Morgan Freeman. TriStar Pictures, 1989. * â€Å"Glory.† IMDb. IMDb.com. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. . * â€Å"The 54th Massachusetts Regiment in Myth, Memory, and History.† Civil War Memory RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2013 * â€Å"Museum of African American History, Boston – Black Heritage Trail Site 1.† Museum of African American History, Boston – Black Heritage Trail Site 1. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2013.

An Analysis Of The Fast Food Industry

An Analysis Of The Fast Food Industry Fast food is a food that prepared and served quickly at a fast food restaurant or a shop. It is served usually in a carton or bags in order to minimize cost. Most fast food outlets often provide take away or take out foods in addition to sit down services. Fast food is quite popular product now days. With the development of economic and society, the fast food Menu which was used to be quite limited became variable. Moreover, it’s difficult to provide a qualitative distinction because fast foods have a really big range. The best way to distinguish fast foods is to use formal characteristics: Time required – those who eat fast foods do not want to spend a lot of time on selecting and eating, and if necessary will eat standing or walking, on the bus, park bench, or at work. Actually, although it is familiar to everyone’s life because we were purchasing, few people has focus on the operation module, marketing competition and influence of fast food industry. 1.2 Why I chose this topic ¼Ã… ¸ Fast food is a multi billion industry continuing to grow rapidly in these years. As a result, the competition between the industries was farce now. Fast food is often highly processed and prepared in an industrial fashion. With standard ingredient, methodical cooking and production methods, the competition of fast food was though service, taste, promotion and supply chain. Fast food was found at America firstly. Moreover it has big influence in American society and culture. The notion of fast food reflect American culture of in which the speed and efficiency are highly priced. Moreover, these years, American fast food is facing new challenges both from economic and society. Fast food, in many ways, is the story of contemporary America .Therefore; this report would focus on American market of fast food industry. 2. PEST Pest analysis is a method to describes a structure of macro-environment factors of a business by examining related political ,economic, soc ial and technological .it is kind of market research which give some important elements that the company have to take into consideration when making strategic decisions. 2.1 Background There are three general categories of fast food businesses: 1,Self-service restaurants with a fast-food palette like McDonalds, Burger King, Pizza Hut, etc. this kind of food was favorable is because it provide a place for customers meeting friends. 2, Take-out restaurants which sell ready-to-eat foods and beverages which were favorable by working people are also popular. 3, Hot-dog stands and snack stands with counters or a pair of stand-up tables. The big advantage of these kind restaurants is convenient and cheap. The concept of fast food pops up during 1920s.In 1921, White castle was found in Kansas of America. At that time ,most people consider the burger sold there was not as good and cheap ,so White Castles’s decided to change the public perception of hamburgers and built their restauran ts for show customers how the food being prepared.The McDonald brothers opened their redesigned restaurant in 1948. After that, fast food developed quickly during the economy and society rapidly changing period. (Warsi&Nisa, 2005)

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Not sure - Essay Example In the speech â€Å"Repeal of the Missouri Compromise,† former U.S President Abraham Lincoln noted that basic understanding of democracy is that citizens must be given equal say to their government and that thus, democracy derives its powers from the consent of those it governs. Likewise, the rules of democracy are the same for those that govern as those that are governed. The basics of democracy align with views of what is considered good or bad in fairness and equality of all persons (Lincoln 6). Reason derives from the same thought that man, in his thinking, cognitive ability, and intellect is able to understand good and bad. All aspects of democracy cannot exist without reasoning which is part of every human being. What one person or a group of people perceive and believe to be right or otherwise is expressed in exercise of democratic right. Abraham Lincoln’s speech given in Peoria supports this ideal. He quotes from the U.S Declaration of Independence which consent s to the truth that all men having being created equal have the basic rights of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness (Lincoln 7). In this speech Lincoln outwardly speaks of the wrong about the Missouri Compromise which in its passing in 1820 sought to create a ‘balance’ between Western U.S states that were pro-slavery and anti-slavery. Lincoln’s view was that slavery does not comply with either of the democratic views of governing with consent of the governed and application of the same rules to both the governing and the governed. In his view too, Lincoln argued that moral reason did not agree with Whites having the right to self-government while Blacks having no such rights yet all are under one government and under the same Declaration of Independence. Democracy all over the world is practised uniquely to each country. Principles and traditions of different nations often influence the understanding of democracy and it is only fair to respect each nationâ₠¬â„¢s understanding of this whether the democratic policies are agreeable or not. However, there are some universal beliefs and attitudes, derived from reasoning that must be addressed by every democracy. These beliefs and attitudes are manifest in human rights that each nation must adhere to. The rights to free-state and peaceful living are from logical thinking and they cannot be thought of separately from democracy. As a nation, United States of America justifies its war with Afghanistan with the democratic right of American citizens to security and peaceful living. The U.S pursuit of Al Qaeda is supported by the U.S president’s obligation as well as the entire government’s duty to keep intact the democratic rights promised to its citizens in the U.S constitution (Obama 2) Another issue that proves the close link between reason and democracy is that reason is public and it is free just as democracy is. Whatever man thinks of or applies logic to is up to him just as the same man is free to make a democratic choice as he sees fit to his thinking or logic. In the Theban Dialogue between Theseus and the Theban Herald, Theseus describes the state of freedom as one which permits an individual to speak or remain silent as he chooses to (Euripides_The Suppliant_Trans. Coleridge 2). No one person can prevent another human from naturally applying reasoning to justify actions of behaviours. Likewise in democracy not even the leaders or

Case Study on Synaptic Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study on Synaptic Corporation - Essay Example This essay is on a case study of Synaptic Corporation, which is a company that develops drugs. The company’s staff is broadly divided into two: Information management and computational scientists. The Company faces cultural challenges and lack of proper communication and coordination between the two teams. This results to several risks within the Corporation. This essay identifies the risks facing the Information management process and their respective tools as recommended by the hired consultant. To be able to fully give the solutions to the issues that are plaguing Synaptic Corporation, as a consultant, I would like to point out some of the risks that from my analysis and research, seem to be affecting the company. These types of schedule risks are quite common; they are defined to be slips in schedule as a result of aspects that are at least ostensibly under the project’s control. More than half of the scheduled risks are represented by delay risks. There are about f our types of delay risk. They include hardware, parts, information, and decisions. Main sources of delay with regard to parts are problems to do with delivery and availability. Delays may also be as a result of available parts that did arrive at the required time although they have been discovered to be having defects. For example in the current case, the Information Management complains that the scientific software development presented to them by the Computational biologists is defective and that it does meet the standards of the company apart from being incompatible with the company architecture. This therefore causes the Information management to delay in making decisions that are critical to the operation of the corporation based on what the computational scientists have to present. Another case in the delay category is information type of delay. Both misunderstandings and communication time lags may result to information delay. In other cases, there can be interruption in the delivery of required reports as well poor access to the relevant information (Kendrick, 2009, p. 72-73). In the synaptic case, there is delay risk as a result of information based delay. This can be deduced from the explanation given by the Information Management managers. They assert that the computational team does not make consultations with them early enough (indicating communication time lags). Apart from this, the computation scientists are blamed for submitting an end product to the Information Managers which requires which does not give the latter sufficient time to switch to a new set of servers on a deadline that is too tight. They also claim that doing all this requires both planning and budgeting that should have been done earlier. This clearly points out an element of information delay due to communication time lags between the two groups. On the other hand, I have found out as a consultant that computational scientists are complaining of the Information Managersâ€℠¢ slow pace of development and perceive their demands about documentation and governance as bureaucratic and uneconomical. In their view, the Information managers are behind the technology curve. This from my point of view as a consultant is a clear show of misunderstanding between the two groups, which are the key cause delay risk in fulfilling the objectives of the corporation. The other cause of delay risk is the hardware that is required to ensure that project work has been performed. These include both equipment and systems that may be late (Kendrick, 2009,

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the Essay

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the event Industry - Essay Example Sponsorship is not only a tool to help a marketer reach new audiences, but also a marketing technique to enhance brand image. This paper explains the conceptual frameworks and theoretical underpinning of corporate sponsorship in the event industry and illustrates its importance in modern marketing situations. Corporate sponsorship and its significance in today’s marketing environment will be examined with a view to recognize why many companies are spending huge amounts in sponsoring events. Corporate Sponsorship Keillor (2007, P. 242) defined sponsorship as cash or in-kind fee that is paid to a property such as a sports event, entertainment, non-profit event, organization etc in return for accessing to the exploitable commercial opportunities associated with that property. More specifically, a company may sponsor all or a part of the expenditures of sports or other types of events in return to advertise the company. Event sponsorship include athletic events, tennis or golf tou rnament, college or university games and sports, Olympics, art and cultural program, entertainment and festivals etc. Sponsorship is more useful in reminding the public about the product or service or their features, rather than informing or persuading them towards the business. Keillor (2007, P. 242) also pointed that sponsorship involves a fee paid in advance for future potential communication values, but advertising offers a more knowable and more controlled communication. As compared to advertising and sales promotion, that are the major two components of IMC, sponsorship is small, but expenditures on corporate sponsorship is increasing, mainly because many companies are finding the results they expected from the sponsorship. As Shimp (2008, P. 563) observed, brand marketers were estimated to spend $ 40 billion on event sponsorships in 2008. US marketers alone spent approximately $ 15 billion sponsoring in 2008. In 2009, the International Events Group Sponsorship Report estimate d that sponsorship expenditures as $ 45.2 billion (Donovan and Henley, 2010, p. 364). Worldwide expenditures on sponsorship have been increasing for last many years mainly due to that many large companies have found it to be an effective marketing strategy for better communicating the brand messages. Sponsorships: worth the money spent? One of the major criticisms is that sponsorship is merely a money waste. Shimp (2008, p. 567) argued that sponsorship is an enormous money waste and a drain on the marketing budget without well planned, structured and well thought business case as well as financial plan. Often, the expenditures spent on sponsorships with a view to build brand loyalty seems not worth. Many critics also argued that sponsorship arrangement involve little more than managerial or corporate ego trips. Many businesses go for sponsoring sports or other events with a view to meet famous athletes, gain great and luxurious accommodation etc. Sponsorship and expenditures pent fo r it can be justified from the marketing view point if there is a proof that brand equity as targeted could be achieved and financial objectives were met as planned. Sponsorship may not be an effective brand communication strategy for a start up business, small scale marketer, newly launched business etc, since these marketers are not already established, but sponsorship

Teaching Listening Skill In Public High Schools In The Kingdom of Essay

Teaching Listening Skill In Public High Schools In The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Essay Example This essay declares that listening comprehension is a process in which listeners take part in the role of discriminating between sounds, understanding grammatical structures and vocabulary, interpreting stress and intonation, and consequently interpreting the utterance within the context. It is not easy to master listening skill and for this reason most second language learners feel frustrated about it. This report makes a conclusion that all humans are born with an innate ability to hear, though, hearing is not listening. A number of factors must be considered to help second language students develop effective listening skill. Models of the listening process which include the bottom up, interactive and top down are basic in teaching listening skills. Children gain the entire list of phonemes for the first language so easily early in the language acquisition process. This is, however, not the case with adults intending to learn a second language; it is usually very problematic. When one is past puberty, the brain has already programmed all first language phonemes that it intends to recognize into fixed categories. Creating another set for the phonemes of second language is difficult. Second language speakers tend to assimilate the second language phonemes into their established first language system. It is for this reason that speakers find it challenging to distinguish between thei r native language and the second language.

Medical Ethics and Duty of care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Ethics and Duty of care - Essay Example Persons who owe a duty of care to others must exercise â€Å"reasonable care in the circumstances†. In making an assessment about the circumstances, there are two standards that may be applied from the perspective of doctors (a) an objective standard that is based upon independent standards expected by doctors in general and (b) a subjective element, that is dependent on the individual case, such as for example in an emergency where a doctor may be faced with a personal without the personal capacity to express consent and will be forced to take a decision based upon the circumstances of the particular case. For example, in assessing whether there has been a breach of duty of care, if there is a likelihood that harm will occur, the doctor will be expected to take more precautions.1 Similarly, if the seriousness of the injuries are greater, the defendant doctor will be expected to take greater precautions.2 The Bolam test3 also imputes a higher level of professional liability and standard of care that is expected from a person such as a doctor who professes himself to the best in his field of expertise.

U.S. Government's Bailouts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. Government's Bailouts - Research Paper Example The debt ratio of the company was 2.11. The firm was highly leveraged which led to the high fixed costs associated with debt financing. The debt of the company was more than twice its total assets. Providing governmental assistance to corporations such as General Motors is a way for the government to spur economic activity. Governmental assistance can ensure that companies that are facing financial trouble keep their doors open . Prior to the governmental assistance General Motors was near shutting down their operations. In the short run companies get a capital injection that can be used to cover operating expenses which includes both variable and fixed costs. The fixed costs of the company increase in the long run if the assistance that is given is in the form of debt financing. From the perspective of the government the assistance given protects jobs and government tax revenues. In the case of General Motors the long run consequence of the bailout was that the firm had to give up a lot of equity to the government in exchange for the governmental assistance. General Motors has recovered well since its reorganization in 2008. The current price of GM common stocks is $34.48 (Yahoo, 2014). The organization has a global workforce composed of 1.9 million employees. The firm is a socially responsible organization. Its product portfolio of vehicles includes hybrid / electric cars. The company on November 18, 2010 completed the world’s largest initial public offering, emerging with a solid financial foundation that enabled GM to produce great vehicles for their customers and build a bright future for its employees, partners and shareholders (Gm, 2014). In fiscal year 2013 General Motors generated $155 billion in revenues and it had a net income of $3.8 billion. The net margin of GM in 2013 was 2.45%. When a company employs directly 1.9 million people it is always worth saving such an organization.

Comparative Media system paper in Latin America and the Caribbean Term

Comparative Media system in Latin America and the Caribbean - Term Paper Example The filmmakers spent at least several months filming Hugo Chavez, his close staff, as well as conducting interviews with Venezuelan citizens. With the coup unfolding, the filmmakers captured footage on the capital’s streets, filming protesters and the increasing violence. The film/documentary’s neutrality has been variously disputed as it painted only Chavez in a positive light, particularly focusing its attention on framing the 11th to 13th of April violence, timeline editing, and omission of personnel and incidents (Stoneman 840). Cited either as a misrepresentation or an accurate portrayal of the coup’s events, the film contends that private media selectively used the footage to create an impression that the violence was, as a result, of uncivilized and irrational mobs of Chavez supporters. Private media, especially television, repeatedly portrayed supporters of Hugo Chavez shooting into the Baralt Avenue from the Puente Llaguno Bridge, which was occupied by m archers from the opposition (Couret 504). The film contends that footage from this scene was edited to focus on the gunmen, whereas avoiding the people next to them who were trying to cover themselves from being shot. The film goes on to show the images that were shot from the said bridge, which showed that Baralt Avenue was empty and that there was no march by the opposition on this route. It also showed that those Hugo Chavez supporters were returning fire after being shot at. While it has been charged that this editing in the film was acting as a misrepresentation, especially that the film/documentary makes no mention of the fact that there was shooting at both sets of protesters, the filmmakers were quick to say that the film did not claim that only supporters of the president were fired upon. There have also been assertions that the footage showed in the film showing the empty Baralt Avenue was shot earlier (Couret 505). It has also been claimed that the street below was not as empty as the film wanted to portray. However, the filmmakers reaffirmed their there were no opposition marches below the bridge at Puente Llaguno with reports from eyewitnesses. The filmmakers, O’Brien and Bartley, were present for the entire period of the coup attempt and in their film/documentary; the filmmakers show the audience the immense power that is held by the mass media, especially the television, in the arena of modern politics (Couret 506). Hugo Chavez, as president of Venezuela, ensured that every television station was, at liberty, to broadcast any message that they so wanted; although, he went on to use the television station under state control for a question and answer session that involved him each week. This was meant to show that Hugo Chavez was a man of the people. This sought to counter the privately owned media that was against him by giving him a platform to communicate with his people. Following the coup attempt, the stations that were anti-Chavez sh owed repeatedly footage of demonstrations that were meant to give the impression that Chavez supporters were attacking Chavez supporters (Schiller 483). What the film illustrates is that the supporters of President Chavez were, in fact, under attack from snipers and were simply being forced to protect themselves by firing back. The news media, especiall

Strength as a Teacher Essay Example for Free

Strength as a Teacher Essay I have come to believe -after receiving some of my students ´ feedback- that as a non-native speaker I did fairly well in teaching my lessons in the first two weeks. The students compared me to other non-native teacher they had been taught by before (in other Celta courses) and confirmed that I provided the most easily understandable explanations in the field of  ´lexis ´. Even though sometimes it did not work out as planned, I know that one of my major strength lies in explaining things in an extremely simple way. I enjoy teaching vocabulary by creating little stories. Not only but also do I derive from my tutors ´ feedback that a further strength of mine can be spotted in lesson planning. Although I need to express my aims more succinctly and clearly the lesson plans are sound, clear and thorough. To plan a lesson is not always easy, because it can never be foreseen what will happen during the class. So it is important to make sure not to be caught in the act with a lack of knowledge or information to present the students or at least not to let the students realize. Therefore, to think about more than one plan to fall back on is of major importance. Despite of the fact that I struggle with nervousness and tentativeness, I handle to lead a class. I give them time to think before they express themselves. I do not rush thing. I intend to spot my own mistakes immediately and correct them for the students, trying to not let them be aware of it. I do my best to fit in the time limit when to start and when to finish, trying to include all the points from my lesson plan. 2.) My major weakness is grammar. I am confident in using the basics of English grammar but when it gets into anything intricate Im a little lost as to how to explain it in a way that students can understand. Another fact that I have to focus on is to firstly learn from the students what they already know instead of teaching them something that they have already heard of from scratch. Here, providing exercises to check their knowledge and giving them further practice would be the best possible way. For example, I taught a grammar class in the second week of the course that was a bit of a dud because I just didnt really have the background knowledge required to present some easy understandable explanations. Moreover, the students had already heard of that grammatical structure I intended to teach them. I could have just checked and applied my teaching to their needs. I make every effort to give students sufficient feedback, but unfortunately this is another weakness that I am facing. Due to unexpected events in class, sometimes activities take longer and therefore need to be planned more thoroughly beforehand. Therefore there is not enough time to support students with enough feedback. One student once told me that she had not understood the purpose of the last activity in class because she wasn ´t given any feedback at the end. Though my lesson plans are well structured I need to follow this structure meticulously and make sure not to be distracted by anything that would lead to its collapse. Due to the shortness of my practical experience I am definitely struggling with being holistic but still concentrating too much on doing the single parts of a lesson perfect. 3.) Observing my colleagues, experienced teachers and videotaped teachers has certainly helped me to develop my teaching so far. Not only have I skilled and talented colleagues for demonstration, but especially observing one teacher in the last week helped me realize the most important thing for me while teaching: to keep calm and relaxed! This teacher had not only style but also a philosophy because she seemed to be very reflective about what she expressed. Moreover, she kept the  ´Teacher-Talk ´ at a minimum and asked her students generated, topic-related and intriguing questions exploiting the topic fully. She gave the students enough time to answer; not rushing them or giving them a feeling of insecurity. Teacher-type: the enabler. Students have a tendency immediately detecting an insecure or tentative teacher. It reflects in their class behavior and in their responses. I have come to realize that contrary to using my voice efficiently I am likely to speak in a low, soft sometimes even faint manner. True, not every teacher I observed spoke at full volume – and it is always important to note that the amount of students in a classroom is decisive but I have learnt that a certain system of when and how to use one ´s voice helps to effectively reach the aim of teaching successfully.

Accounting Essay Example for Free

Accounting Essay Merchandise inventory is generally valued at the price for which the goods can be sold. reported under the classification of Property, Plant, and Equipment on the balance sheet. reported as a current asset on the balance sheet. often reported as a miscellaneous expense on the income statement. Items waiting to be used in production are considered to be finished goods. merchandise inventory. raw materials. work in progress. In a manufacturing business, inventory that is ready for sale is called store supplies inventory. finished goods inventory. aw materials inventory. work in process inventory. Inventory items on an assembly line in various stages of production are classified as Finished goods. Work in process. Merchandise inventory. Raw materials. Rudolf Diesel Companys inventory records show the following data: Units Unit Cost Inventory, January 1 5,000 $9. 00 Purchases: June 18 4,500 8. 00 November 8 3,000 7. 00 A physical inventory on December 31 shows 3,000 units on hand. Under the FIFO method, the December 31 inventory is $21,750. $21,000. $27,000. $24,000. Rudolf Diesel Companys inventory records show the following data: Units Unit Cost Inventory, January 1 5,000 $9. 00 Purchases: June 18 4,500 8. 00 November 8 3,000 7. 00 A physical inventory on December 31 shows 3,000 units on hand. Under the FIFO method, the December 31 inventory is $21,750. $21,000. $27,000. $24,000. In a period of rising prices, FIFO will have lower cost of goods sold than LIFO. lower net income than LIFO. lower net purchases than LIFO. lower income tax expense than LIFO. The inventory turnover ratio is computed by dividing cost of goods sold by 365 days. verage inventory. beginning inventory. ending inventory. Quigley Companys records indicate the following information for the year: Merchandise inventory, 1/1 $550,000 Purchases 2,250,000 Net Sales 3,000,000 On December 31, a physical inventory determined that ending inventory of $600,000 was in the warehouse. Quigleys gross profit on sales has remained constant at 30%. Quigley suspects some of the inventory may have been taken by some new employees. At December 31, what is the estimated cost of missing inventory? 700,000 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 Quigley Companys records indicate the following information for the year: Merchandise inventory, 1/1 $550,000 Purchases 2,250,000 Net Sales 3,000,000 On December 31, a physical inventory determined that ending inventory of $600,000 was in the warehouse. Quigleys gross profit on sales has remained constant at 30%. Quigley suspects some of the inventory may have been taken by some new employees. At December 31, what is the estimated cost of missing inventory? $700,000 $100,000 $200,000 $300,000 Cash from sales of merchandise will be recorded in the sales journal. ash receipts journal. purchases journal. general journal. Posting a sales journal to the accounts in the general ledger requires a debit to Cash and a credit to Sales. debit to Accounts Receivable and a credit to Inventory. debit to Sales and a credit to Inventory. debit to Accounts Receivable and a credit to Sales. The process of totaling the columns of a journal is termed footing. ruling. columnizing. sizing. Cross-footing a cash receipts journal means all necessary postings have been completed. each line of the journal has a horizontal total. the columns of the journal have been cross-referenced. he equality of debits and credits in the journal have been proved. Entries in the purchases journal are made without supporting documentation. from purchase invoices. from sales invoices. from the general journal. Principles of an efficient and effective accounting information system include all of the following except cost effectiveness. flexibility. useful output. All of these options are principles. Which of the following is not an advantage of a subsidiary ledger? Puts greater detail in the general ledger. Makes possible a division of labor. Shows transactions affecting one customer or one creditor in a single account. Helps locate errors in individual accounts. Cash equivalents include each of the following except U. S. Treasury bills. bank certificates of deposit. money market funds. petty cash. An example of poor internal control is one person should be responsible for handling related transactions. the accountant should not have physical custody of the asset nor access to it. a salesperson makes the sale, and a different person ships the goods. the custodian of an asset should not maintain or have access to the accounting records. Having different individuals receive cash, record cash receipts, and hold the cash is an example of documentation procedures. establishment of responsibility. segregation of duties. independent internal verification. Storing cash in a company safe is an application of which internal control principle? Establishment of responsibility Segregation of duties Documentation procedures Physical controls Using prenumbered checks and having an approved invoice for each check is an example of segregation of duties. documentation procedures. independent internal verification. establishment of responsibility. An application of good internal control over cash disbursements is check signers should record the cash disbursements. blank checks should be stored in the treasurers desk. each check should be compared with the approved invoice after the check is issued. following payment, the approved invoice should be stamped PAID. Journal entries are required by the depositor for all of the following except bank service charges. an NSF check. collection of a note receivable. bank errors. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments that can be converted into a specific amount of cash with maturities of 6 months or less when purchased. year or less when purchased. 1 month or less when purchased. 3 months or less when purchased. The financial statements of Gentry Manufacturing Company report net sales of $400,000 and accounts receivable of $80,000 and $40,000 at the beginning and end of the year, respectively. What is the average collection period for accounts receivable in days? 50 times 40 times 80 times 54. 7 times Writing off an uncollectible account under the allowance method requires a debit to Bad Debts Expense. Uncollectible Accounts Expense. Accounts Receivable. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. The direct write-off method estimates bad debt losses. is acceptable for financial reporting purposes. shows only actual losses from uncollectible accounts receivable. debits Allowance for Doubtful Accounts to record write-offs of accounts. Putnam Companys account balances at December 31 for Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts were $2,100,000 and $105,000 (Cr. ), respectively. An aging of accounts receivable indicated that $192,000 are expected to become uncollectible. The amount of the adjusting entry for bad debts at December 31 is $87,000. 297,000. $105,000. $192,000. The interest rate specified on any note is for a day. week. month. year. On February 1, Platt Company received a $9,000, 10%, four-month note receivable. The cash to be received by Platt Company when the note becomes due is $9,300. $300. $9,000. $9,900. The accounts receivable turnover ratio is computed by dividing total sales by ending net accounts receivable. total sales by average net accounts receivable. net credit sales by average net accounts receivable. net credit sales by ending net accounts receivable.

Life And Work Of Little Richard Music Essay

Life And Work Of Little Richard Music Essay For years, people all over the world have dubbed Elvis Presley the King of Rock N Roll. His notoriety spans throughout almost every country and references about him can be understood in every culture. Contrary to popular belief, though, Elvis was not the originator of so many controversial topics in the fifties and sixties. While Elvis appealed mainly to the white crowds, Richard Wayne Penniman, also known as Little Richard, was performing for multicultural audiences with the same erratic music and flamboyant dance moves that made Elvis so controversial; so why is Elvis considered the king? Little Richard was one of the most influential and innovative artists of the rock n roll era, and did it in a time where no one else was doing anything like it. Regardless of popular belief, Little Richard is the first king of rock n roll. Richard Wayne Penniman was born on December 5th, 1932 in Macon Georgia. He was third of twelve children in his family. He was born to Charlie and Leva Mae Penniman into the impoverished area of the city. The Penniman family was very religious, with both Richards father and grandfather working as preachers in the area. In fact, church is where his singing career began when his parents formed a family singing group called The Penniman Singers that consisted of Richard, his parents, and his siblings. Continuing in his religion, Richard had the opportunity to experience many different types of religion and churches. His favorite was the Pentecostal church because of its fun, dancing, and music. Richard also became a faith healer in the church so that he could place his hands on people, pray for them, and they claimed to feel better afterward. Little Richard was influenced by many people throughout history. He was involved in many travelling performing shows such as Sugarfoot Sams International Show, Dr. Hudsons Medicine Show, and Billy Brown and his Orchestra, where he gained his stage name, Little Richard. In this time period, he was heavily influenced by the gospel singers of the 30s and 40s, and one of the biggest impacts was made by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. When Richard was at one of her concerts in 1945, she called him on stage to sing a song with her because she had heard him singing in the lobby before the show. As she was one of his favorite singers at the time, this event had a big impact on Richards life. He was also heavily influenced by artists like Marion Williams, Mahalia Jackson, Brother Joe May, Esquerita, and Billy Wirght. Billy Wright also helped Richard get his start in the professional music career by setting him up with his first contract. In 1951, Little Richard signed with RCA Camden records and began to try to find his sound without much success. He was struggling to find a sound that worked for him as an artist, and his label wanted him to sound more like other artists like Ray Charles, who was very popular in this time period. When Richard was out of his contract with RCA in mid 1953, he signed with Peacock Records. He was still having difficulties finding something that fit his personality and style. He released a record a year for four years and still didnt have a hit. In 1955, his contract was bought from Peacock Records by Specialty Records and he began working with Robert Bumps Blackwell. In a frustrating recording session, just when Blackwell was almost ready to give up on Richard and told the band to take a break, Richard jumped up on stage and started plunking out a tune on the piano that would eventually become one of his most popular songs, Tutti Frutti. Richard had been playing this song on stage for ye ars prior when he wasnt under contract and Blackwell was stunned by the fresh sound. He loved it so much that he immediately wanted Richard to record it. The only problem was that the song was not commercially acceptable as it was originally written. The label hired Dorothy La Boistre to clean up the lyrics in phrases such as, Tutti frutti, good booty to change them into, Tutti Frutti, aw-rooty. The song became very popular. The success of this first hit was followed by 16 hit singles in the following three years. Little Richard was slowly but surely taking the music industry by storm. Some other hits that were notable were Rip It Up, Long Tall Sally, Lucille, Good Golly, Miss Molly, Keep A-Knocking, Girl Cant Help It, and Slippin and Slidin'. Long Tall Sally was one of his most noted songs and hit number six on the RB Billboard charts. Another favorite was Girl Cant Help It because it was written for the movie with the same title starring Jane Mansfield. Richard appeared in a few movies during this time period, mainly to provide a movie soundtrack. When asked about those movies, Little Richard reports that the white executives tried to contain him and his style. He said, They didnt want me letting myself go. They kept wanting me to be stiffer, telling me Heres how a black man would perform this. I said. Now how would you know that?' Little Richard was a very unique person and he never stopped being hims elf. Between 1955 and 1957, many of Little Richards popular songs were re-done by other artists including Elvis Presley, Pat Boone, and Bill Haley. His popularity as an artist was growing and his fan base was continuously growing and becoming more diversified. Elvis Presley and Pat Boone both covered Tutti Frutti. Boones version outdid Little Richards when it came to record sales. Almost directly after, Boone did a cover of Long Tall Sally, presumably expecting the same results. This time, however, Little Richards original recording got better reviews and peaked higher on Billboards pop charts. The same was true when Presley and Bill Haley each released a version of Rip It Up and neither gained the reaction that Little Richard did. Little Richard was not only a role model for the sound of many of the pioneers of rock n roll, he was an advocate for controversial issues of the time period. Little Richards concerts were known mainly for their tendency to get extremely out of control due to his outrageous personality and performance style. He made history at a concert in Baltimore, Maryland when there were reports of police having to restrain people from jumping off balconies, and the show had to be stopped twice so that police could remove screaming fans from the stage. The fans that got onstage were attempting to gain souvenirs from Richard by ripping them off his body. It also goes down in history as being one of the first concerts where ladies ever threw their undergarments onstage for the artists. With this type of concert response, its no wonder Richard was caught up in constant parties and questionable acts throughout the mid 1950s.

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Evils of Society Exposed

The Evils of Society Exposed in The Lottery  Ã‚   In Shirley Jackson’s "The Lottery," what appears to be an ordinary day in a small town takes an evil turn when a woman is stoned to death after "winning" the town lottery. The lottery in this story reflects an old tradition of sacrificing a scapegoat in order to encourage the growth of crops. But this story is not about the past, for through the actions of the town, Jackson shows us many of the social ills that exist in our own lives. In today’s society we often have an all too-casual attitude toward misfortune; Jackson shows us this aspect of human nature through the town’s casual attitude toward the lottery. The men talk of "rain, tractors and taxes" and the women gossip—all the time knowing they are about to kill someone or be perhaps even be killed themselves (Jackson 863). The thing that is most important to them is to hurry up and finish so they can eat lunch. Perhaps the feeling of being in a hurry makes what they’re about to do easier; they don’t have time to let it bother them. How often in today’s society do we hear the phrase, "just hurry up and get it over with"? The townspeople seem to have mixed emotions about the lottery; they fear it yet on a very barbaric level they enjoy it. By standing "away from the pile of stones," and keeping their distance from the black box, the villagers show their fear of the lottery (Jackson 863). However, once they find out who is going to be stoned, Tessie Hutchinson, they seem to actually enjoy the stoning. One villager picks up a stone so big she can barely carry it; someone even gives Tessie’s youngest son a few pebbles to throw at his mother. Their overall attitude about the stoning is summed up by the phrase "and then they were... ...f their family (Jackson 867). In everyday life, we posses the same selfish attitude portrayed in the story. What is one of a child’s favorite words? It’s "mine!" We constantly say well "it’s better you than me" and "it’s every man for himself." It’s pretty scary _when you actually think about it, because you realize we really are that selfish. "The Lottery" is "symbolic of any number of social ills that mankind blindly perpetrates" (Friedman 108). The story is very shocking, but the reality of mankind is even more shocking. Isn’t it funny that Jackson gives us a description of our nature, and not only do we not recognize it for what it is , but it shocks us. Works Cited Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 989. Friedman , Lenemgia. Shirley Jackson. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1975.      

Teacher Quality in Education Essay -- essays papers

Teacher Quality in Education Teacher quality has a major influence on how the students will learn and perceive the information given. As time has gone by, teachers have gone through many things that can help them become better teachers. There are tests in which to certify them and to make sure that they can teach to their best ability. In some cases, even if a teacher is certified they might not be fully interested in their teaching so the students might not be getting the full attention that they need and they might not be working to the best of their abilities. They feel that if the teacher isn’t showing interest, then why should they. Teacher burnout is something that occurs in teachers when they become disinterested in their teaching. All of these things are major factors in teacher quality and this essay will prove how these aspects lead to either positive or negative teacher quality. Throughout history it has been a long process in getting teachers to be certified. â€Å"In 1858, the superintendent first authorizes that teachers need to be certified. In the year of 1873, the state board of education created an examination that teachers needed to pass in order to be certified within the school systems. In 1876, the board of education of cities of the first and second class were authorized to certify teachers. In 1893, the state board of education authorized to substitute credit from approved colleges for examination in those subjects as qualification for the certification of teachers. In 1909, the state board of education authorized to issue certificates to high school graduates completing high school normal training courses and passing a state examination. In the year of 1915, the legislature set Bachelor degr... ... 8, 2003. http://npin.org/pnews/2001/pnew1101/int1101d.html This article states that how a teacher teaches their students affects their abilities in and out of the classroom. The article also gives ideas on how parents can get involved and make sure that the kids are getting the best education that they can. Klicka, C. (2003). The Myth of Teacher Qualifications. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000002/00000214.asp This article is stating the things that help to make a teacher more qualified to teach. It also says that even some qualified teachers should not be qualified because they aren’t putting their greatest effort into it. No Author Stated. (2002). Teacher Certification. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.kckps.org/disthistory/state_school_history/tchr_certification.htm Teacher Quality in Education Essay -- essays papers Teacher Quality in Education Teacher quality has a major influence on how the students will learn and perceive the information given. As time has gone by, teachers have gone through many things that can help them become better teachers. There are tests in which to certify them and to make sure that they can teach to their best ability. In some cases, even if a teacher is certified they might not be fully interested in their teaching so the students might not be getting the full attention that they need and they might not be working to the best of their abilities. They feel that if the teacher isn’t showing interest, then why should they. Teacher burnout is something that occurs in teachers when they become disinterested in their teaching. All of these things are major factors in teacher quality and this essay will prove how these aspects lead to either positive or negative teacher quality. Throughout history it has been a long process in getting teachers to be certified. â€Å"In 1858, the superintendent first authorizes that teachers need to be certified. In the year of 1873, the state board of education created an examination that teachers needed to pass in order to be certified within the school systems. In 1876, the board of education of cities of the first and second class were authorized to certify teachers. In 1893, the state board of education authorized to substitute credit from approved colleges for examination in those subjects as qualification for the certification of teachers. In 1909, the state board of education authorized to issue certificates to high school graduates completing high school normal training courses and passing a state examination. In the year of 1915, the legislature set Bachelor degr... ... 8, 2003. http://npin.org/pnews/2001/pnew1101/int1101d.html This article states that how a teacher teaches their students affects their abilities in and out of the classroom. The article also gives ideas on how parents can get involved and make sure that the kids are getting the best education that they can. Klicka, C. (2003). The Myth of Teacher Qualifications. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.hslda.org/docs/nche/000002/00000214.asp This article is stating the things that help to make a teacher more qualified to teach. It also says that even some qualified teachers should not be qualified because they aren’t putting their greatest effort into it. No Author Stated. (2002). Teacher Certification. Obtained from the internet on November 8, 2003. http://www.kckps.org/disthistory/state_school_history/tchr_certification.htm

Boeing 700 :: Essays Papers

Boeing 700 The Boeing 700’s are very capable of handling duties in the commercial and military world. The Boeing 700’s are capable of handling many tasks in the commercial and military world. With the introduction of the 707 in the late fifties to the most recent 777 in the early nineties the, 700’s have dominated the commercial world for five decades. They are a line of aircraft that are capable of handling many roles from basic civilian transport to various military needs. They are the people movers of the 20th century. Each with a large carrying capacity combined with the range of a jet aircraft they have moved more people longer distances than what was once thought possible. Boeing has truly produced some of the greatest aircraft in history. The various duties that the 700’s perform are quite extraordinary. It all started in the fifties. There was a growing demand for a commercial airliner that could move a greater number of people farther and faster. The age of the jet engine still had not reached to civilian transportation. There was still a fear of the jet because of lack of reliability, but with the advancement of technology the jet engine now had become more even reliable than the piston engine. The need for a jet engine powered plane was growing. Airlines still were looking for a plane that could cross the Atlantic Ocean without a refueling stop. The Lockheed Super Connies, a piston powered plane, were able to cross the Atlantic Ocean with out stopping on the eastbound leg, but they had to stop in Gander, Newfoundland to refuel on the westbound leg. The airlines desired a plane that could easily travel the Atlantic with out a stop. The piston engine just wasn’t going to do it, the jet engine was the answer to the question. Boeing realized this and moved to look for a design for a jet powered plane. At first Boeing was looking to modify existing aircraft with jet engines to perform the tasks. They quickly realized that they needed a whole new aircraft. The Boeing 707 was born. The first Boeing 707 was delivered to Pan America airlines in May of 1958 (Bauer, 218). Sales started out slow in fact the 707 almost died many times in it’s first couple years of existence.

Moral Dilemas Essay

This situation is a moral dilemma because Captain Ericson has to make a very hard decision, to either destroy the u-boat whilst killing the men in the water or to save the stranded men but risk future trouble and destruction by letting the u-boat go ie it is a situation to which his everyday morality cannot identify a solution. The ethical principles in this situation are very simple but it is very hard to determine what is best for everyone. If you sink the u-boat and kill the men you may have saved the lives of thousands of people in the future but at the same time you have slaughtered 40 hundreds of your own men who have done nothing but fight for their country. Having said this if you leave the u-boat and save your comrades from the water you have saved the lives of a few men but risked the lives of tens of thousands in the future. By destroying the u-boat he is obeying the principle of the military duty of an officer to his superiors and his country by destroying the enemy, and I quote â€Å"attacking at all costs†. On top of performing his military duty by getting rid of the u-boat he is likely to save the lives of the men on convoys that would be threatened by the same u-boat if it were not destroyed. Ericson â€Å"shut and battened down his mind† because it is human nature to doubt a decision directly after having made it; this is done because of our need for perfection. And so Ericson did this because he did not want nor could he allow doubt to enter his mind for even a second for fear of inaccuracy in judgement and failure to carryout his decision with precision. Also in order to be at ease with his decision he constantly needs to reassure himself that it was the right choice and this would be extremely hard to do if he constantly had doubt creeping into his head. Also he needs to block out all human emotions and pity for those men in order to make the correct decision. Some would argue that Ericson’s actions were completely irrational because instead of avoiding violence and death which would have spared many lives he went ahead with his military instinct, as a result killing many men both English and foreign. Some would argue that he had the chance to come out of the situation without a slaughter on his hands, which according to the religious man would have been the moral thing to do. However we must ask ourselves what we are doing in a war if we are not prepared to make a decision based in military procedure and ethics for the greater good. Therefore from my point of view I feel that Ericson made a responsible decision taking into account the factor of the safety of other men in an extremely pressured situation, a situation which thankfully I will probably never have to make nor do I feel I would have the strength nor the character to make a well balanced decision and stand for the consequences. His decision may not have been the right one but there are always going to be people with different points of view on things but whether it was the right one or not is not really relevant nor should it be dwelt upon as everyone makes mistakes at some point in their lives. In this case it was his decision to make because his superiors obviously thought he was the right man for the job, not without reason and so he made the decision under extreme pressure and in a situation which did not have many alternatives which he had been appointed to make following not moral procedure but military procedure as is the custom during. And so taking all of this into consideration I personally feel he did the right thing. As always with a question like this we must consider both arguments. To be honest we cannot establish whether Ericson is a good person or not, as the case may be simply by examining one event as people make mistakes, that is what makes us human. Having said this there is no real reason to assume that his actions were a mistake and that he acted wrongly. On the contrary I feel that Ericson did exactly what a man in his position should do. He acted only after he was sure and only after taking into account the consequences of his actions and in this case he clearly felt that he would be acting for the greater good. In war it is the norm to sacrifice one man for the safety of hundreds of others and I feel that even thought his theory is not religiously moral it is still correct because in a time of war we have no time for things like moral issues, its either kill or be killed, the enemy will shoe no mercy so why should we. Therefore I do think that he is a good person as I simply think that he is a very stressed out man in a very difficult situation with the lives of hundreds at his mercy trying to do the right thing which is military procedure which he would have been taught; kill for the greater good. Having said this a religious man would say not necessarily that he is a bad man but that he made the wrong decision in this case because instead of avoiding murder which although is lisenced in war is morally wrong. He would look much deeper into the emotions of those men in the water which is exactly what military school trains you not to do, mixing emotions with actions can get you confused and in a military situation this can make you weak and vulnerable. Therefore in conclusion I think it is fair to say that we cannot really establish whether he is a good man or not but that according to some peoples’ views he made the wrong decision.

Knowledge Development In Nursing

Knowledge development in nursing has been somewhat of a hot topic in the more scholastic endeavors of the profession for quite some time. As the profession grew from a focus centered on treating physical symptoms and conditions to a more well-rounded approach that considered psychological, social, and spiritual needs in addition to physical illness, the need to break down the process of knowledge development arose.By utilizing nursing theories, which support the use of evidenced based practice in most cases, it seems as though the profession of nursing gained more credibility in the scientific community as far as the value of the knowledge produced; I feel that utilizing processes akin to those already accepted as prudent by more ‘established’ scientific fields helped achieve that credibility.In order to get to nursing theories, however, the process had to begin with a philosophical component that can allow for a separation from concrete/ scientific knowledge, among othe r things, in order to promote more abstract concepts and different methods to look at how we come to that knowledge. McCurry (2009) touches on this premise as she describes how a common theme, in this case the common good of society, can be looked at from many different perspectives, as it creates an arena in which those perspectives can be arranged to determine how to go about investigating the perspectives further.Although it wasn’t the center piece of the article, one highlight was a breakdown of how more abstract thoughts can be linked to the application of intentional actions through the use of theories, which stems from philosophical questions. Philosophy lays the ground work for knowledge production to be built upon. In a way, Kim (1999) echoed these sentiments as she discusses critical reflective inquiry and its applications in relation to pain management in a South Korean hospital setting.She admits that nursing has situations in which our therapeutic actions can be supported by one theory and conflicted by another. What it seemed to re-enforce was how our drive to answer the philosophical questions created by the issues we wish to address can use various forms to achieve that common goal, however, those that are centered around the evaluation of how our therapeutic actions actually pan out versus how we think they pan out will help us gain the most useful knowledge as long as we are able to recognize the need for, and benefit of, changes that help our patients out the most.We wouldn’t be able to gain the ‘knowledge’ that specific actions and changes are therapeutically beneficial without understanding why we wanted to make changes in the first place, and generating multiple attempts at making those changes to see which ones actually accomplished the goal would seemingly allow us to have the best chance at achieving what we set out to.Evaluating the nursing interventions we utilize to affect our patients for the better is im portant, we all know that. Abbott (1988) pointed out that although nursing is capable of evaluating our interventions in practice, we do not tend to emphasize the importance of breaking down specific practical interventions in an abstract way that allows for our ability to link the interventions we utilize to the thought processes behind it while we are out practicing our craft.This I can personally relate to, when considering how the first couple years of my personal practice was spent learning how to simply accomplish the tasks I was presented with in the time frame I was to accomplish them in (assessment, documenting, intervening, documenting, evaluating, intervening, documenting, documenting, documenting†¦ugh). I knew that there was good reason behind the things I was doing; however, I was not keenly aware of the concepts and philosophies that comprised that reasoning, I was simply focused on completing my tasks in a timely, safe fashion.Reed (2006) promotes the idea that n urses tend not to have a full understanding of the ‘why’ we do the things we do, and went so far as to say that there might be a level of mysticism when it comes to the healing processes we are engaged in. That mysticism was essentially summed up by purporting that when we can’t put our finger on the ‘why’ we do what we do, we fall back on concepts like intuition and gut feelings. It’s not to say that we are incorrect in our intuitions, however, we don’t have a strong link to the rationale behind it all the time.This is where the concept of breaking down the ‘why’ we do what we do into more abstract, philosophical components can really benefit us, as we can extrapolate on the intuitions and gut feelings into philosophical questions and building blocks that theories can be generated from. When we utilize practice centered theories that arise from abstract, philosophical questions, the whole process of ‘nursing’ can be explained and evaluated with more ease, and the knowledge we generate could be seen as more credible.Just saying something is true because it is doesn’t have a whole lot of weight behind it; showing how the knowledge we reference as truth comes to be and having evidence that supports it with results that highlight it is, by and large, the best way that nursing knowledge can be produced in a fashion that holds credibility with those that aren’t of our discipline. We know how awesome we are, but it’s hard to prove it to others without a process that everyone can relate to; that all starts with philosophy.

I Am Not Scared

Michele and Filippo deserve our sympathy, all the others deserve only condemnation. Discuss. The story takes place in 1978 in a fictional town called Acqua Traverse in Southern Italy during the hottest summer of the century. The readers all have a soft place in our hearts for filippo and Michele about their tragic experiences. Michele’s natural sense guides him to determine the good and wrong things. Despite his age, his moral terms are much better than all the adults, who sacrifice their consciences to sink into crimes. This statement considers being partly agreed.We sympathize with Filippo in his misfortune, and we feel sorrowful about the ways they treated Filippo are too ghastly to look at. Michele was not fear of sacrifice and saved Filippo’s life. And all the other deserve only condemnation, except for Michele’s parents, Pino and Terese. Filippo’s misfortune deserves our sympathy, and we feel sorrowful and miserable about the way the adults treat him . Filippo is only nine years old. He should prosecute true happiness and deserve the caring from his parents, but the adults totally destroy everything. A tragic experience causes him stay in the shadow of death.In the story, Michele has to do forfeit by climbing up to the first floor of the abandoned house. When he lifts up the corrugated sheet, he finds the boy was lying at the bottom of the hole, it was dark and full of flies and a sickening smell welled up. Filippo’s living condition is very poor and miserable, lack of water and food, with chains on his feet. After he gets kidnap and hide in the hole by the adults. He has a little bit mental disorder, because he can’t trust anyone anymore, nothing in this world is happy or magnificent, nobody in this world is dependable.He also mentions everyone in his family is all dead and they live in the holes like him. The world’s a place full of holes with dead people in them. He gives up his life in despair. He will n ever dare to expect someone come and help him, take him out of the evil and nasty place. And Sergio once spreads works to the public and says he will cut off two of Filippo’s ears for the ransom. That is unbelievable, how can they have the heart to cut off a nine-year-old boy’s ears. Their actions are shameful and disgraceful.And they totally destroy his childhood innocent and scar him emotionally forever. This shows that Filippo’s misfortunate should deserve the reader sympathy. Michele is not fear of sacrifice and saved Filippo’s life. His has a wonderful natural sense to determine whether he should do or he should not do. He doesn’t obey any unreasonable comments from the adults. In the story, when Michele listen the conversations between the adults, he sees Filippo’s mother is appealing to the kidnappers, do not hurt him, and they love him and haven’t forgotten him.And he realises Filippo is kidnaped by his father and the old man, Sergio. And they want to cut off his ears. Although Sergio frightens Michele into being a good and obedient children, and do not interfere with the world of adults. But he cannot transgress his morality, He goes back the abandoned house and tells him everything, and he also worries about does his father cut off Filippo’s ears. This also proves the friendship between Michele and Filippo are very precious. Michele helps him, provides food and water, and brings him back to the reality and takes him away from the shadow of death.Michele tries to convince him that he is not alone, he stills alive and he is not blind at all, and helps him to return to a human state. Gradually, the friendship between them bloomed, and Michele is the only one in the world that Filippo can depend on. Unfortunately, Felice discovers Michele is in the bottom of the hole, he get beat up by Felice, who was a poor devil with friendless and womanless. Finally he has to make a promise to his dad, never go b ack to the hole again. If they find Michele has visit him again.Sergio or Felice will shoot him. But he also promises Filippo that he will come back. This situation seems like to challenge his moral bottom line. But he decides to break promise to his father and pluck up his courage to rescue Filippo. The thunderstorm propels Michele to save Filippo’s life, because he knows they are coming to kill him soon. This moment shows the courage and goodness of Michele. The friendships between them are entitled to be called the true friendships, because they never betray each other.This shows Michele is not fear to sacrifice and save Filippo’s life, their friendships are very valuable. His actions and moral terms deserve our sympathy and are worth learning. All the others should only deserve condemnation, they should feel shameful and guilty about what they do to these nine-year-old boys, but Michele‘s parents should gain the forgiveness of the masses. In the story, Michel e is liked many other nine-year-old children, they trust their parents and depend on them all the time.However, the reason why Pino gets involved in this kidnap, because he wants his children to get the better life in the future, far away from poverty. In the story, when Michele gets beat up by Felice, Terese try to fling herself at Felice, although she knows Felice is much stronger than her, but she protects her children at risk of his life. This shows the depth of love and protection. She said to Michele, when he grow up he must go away from here and never come back, because she doesn’t want him to remember this unhappy experience. It will directly impact his emotionally.This show Pino and Terese should deserve the forgiveness, and they demonstrate the depth of love and protection to their children, they are not allowed anyone to hurt their children. Filippo’s misfortunate should deserve our sympathy. Michele demonstrates the courage and goodness, not fear to sacrifi ce and save Filippo’s life, his moral term is worth learning for everyone. All the others deserve only condemnation, except for Pino and Terese, because they are absolute conscientious parents, they just hope their children will have the better life in the future.

Case Study in Curriculum Development

According to MEIJER In the year 1999 the benefits of electronic testing to the educators is to give Information on the accuracy in answer gathering, analysis of scoring results and the reduction of human error in test taking, as well as computation and analysis of the test results on the computer. The electronic online testing is worth the cost because it is easy to use like in business, training & educational assessment with tests and quizzes graded instantly. Electronic testing or testing for short, Just means that you will take the test using a computer r other electronic device Instead of pencil and paper. Testing has an ability to include novel types of questions which could potentially be graphical In nature or dynamic by using animations. In some cases test questions are drawn from question banks. If that is the case, everyone may receive a deferent version of the test. Depending on the option settings of the test, you may be able to see your score immediately upon completing the test. 2. How might Principal Harris deal with resistance from teachers who oppose the use of electronic testing and data analysis?Principal Harris wanted to have a good standards regarding in the processing of grade and he also want to have an organize grading system that will be use in the electronic testing and data analysis. It can be use by the teachers in school because it helps to develop their learning in computer and applying it in their teaching strategy. Principal Harris should first state the objectives to the teacher. He also need to know the ideas of other teachers and the stakeholder that has something to do with the curriculum and which strategy will fit the plan.The electronic learning (e- earning) literature has not addressed the measurement of learner satisfaction with asynchronous e-learning systems. Current models for measuring user satisfaction (US) and students' evaluation of teaching effectiveness (SET) are perceived as inapplicable as they are targeted pr imarily towards either organizational information systems or classroom education environment. My study developed a comprehensive model and instrument for measuring learner satisfaction with asynchronous e- learning systems.The procedures used in conceptualizing the survey, generating teems, collecting data, and validating the multiple-item scale are described. This study carefully examined evidence of reliability, content validity, criterion-related validity, convergent validity, discriminate validity, and homological validity by analyzing data from a sample of 116 adult respondents. The norms of the instrument were then developed, and the potential applications for practitioners and researchers explored. Finally, this paper discusses limitations of the work.As qualitative research methods become more refined, so there is an increasing need to teach data analysis methods. This paper offers a group method ? based on experiential learning principles ? for teaching the analysis of text ual data. Terms are defined, an outline for a preliminary theory input is offered and then the group method, itself, is described. Variants of the method are also described and various objections to the method are addressed. When using data analysis, the aim was to build a model to describe the phenomenon in a conceptual form.Both inductive and deductive analysis processes are represented as three main phases: preparation, organizing and reporting. The preparation phase is similar in both approaches. The concepts are derived from the data in inductive content analysis. Deductive content analysis is used when the structure of analysis is personalized on the basis of previous knowledge. Inductive data analysis is used in cases where there are no previous studies dealing with the aim was to test a previous theory in a different situation or to compare categories at different time periods.Data analysis is the most difficult and most crucial aspect of qualitative research. Coding is one of the significant steps taken during analysis to organize and make sense of textual data. Http://www. Indolence. Com/DOI/abs/ 10. 1080/0013188032000133548 The punctual should also rely on Hills Tabs approach because she used ideas to create four thinking strategies known as the Tab approach. This four strategies are concept development, interpretation of data, application of generalizations, and interpretations of feelings, attitudes and values.Using all four strategies, the goal is to facilitate student's thinking skills. Based on Tab's method, â€Å"to think† means â€Å"helping them [students] to formulate data into conceptual patterns, to verbalize relationships between discrete segments of data, to cake inferences from data, to make generalizations on the basis of data and to test these generalizations, and to become sensitive to such corollary relationships as cause and effect and similarities and differences. Http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/ Hills Tab 4. What future role will online testing have in evaluating a field of study?The future role with online testing in evaluating a field of study is on how they will equip, reach and access students well performances. It shows the ability of the users to create a good concept that will be use in the field of study. To consider online earning key to advancing their mission, and placing advanced education. In the world of globalization advance technologies is the way to reach the higher quality in education. The important role is to develop the skill in computer and the proper use of it. Electronic testing tools also make mastery learning activities possible.Mastery learning, which is very similar to drill and practice, is when you study and complete assessments until a set goal is reached. Unlike drill and practice, mastery learning activities are completed for a grade. For example, you (or your instructor) might set a AOL of 90 percent correct responses when learning foreign language vocabulary. You then study the vocabulary and take the test as many times as you need to until you reach your goal. Prior to the availability of electronic testing, it was not practical for instructors to create large question banks and administer multiple testing sessions. Http://study. Us. Deed assess student achievement? Identify the strategies and explain why you think they might be effective. Principal Harris should use the correct implementation of education technology. It will demonstrate the need for the correct implementation and use of education genealogy. Some factors for successful technology implementation are: (1) Effective professional development for teachers in the integration of technology into instruction is necessary to support student learning. 2) Teachers' direct application of technology must be aligned to local and/or state curriculum standards. (3) Technology must be incorporated into the daily learning schedule (I. E. , not as a supplement or after-school tutorial). (4) Progra ms and applications must provide individualized feedback to students and teachers and must have the ability to tailor lessons to individual student needs. 5) Student collaboration in the use of technology is more effective in influencing student achievement than strictly individual use. 6) Project-based learning and real-world simulations are more effective in changing student motivation and achievement than drill-and-practice applications. (7) Effective technology integration requires leadership, support, and modeling from teachers, administrators, and the community/parents. (Using Technology to Personalize Learning and Assess Students in Real-Time, Darrell M. West) The uses of technology in assessment of students can be separated into: technology s a tool of assessment; technology to assess learning. Technology as a tool of assessment is found fairly commonly in UK universities.By this, is meant the use of a technological facility to aid the process of assessment. Asking students, for example, to make a short video film to illustrate the flow of people through various routes in a National Park, and then viewing and grading it, would be using video as a tool of assessment. This could have been undertaken by setting students an essay question or asking them to make an oral presentation. Technology is used as a tool of assessment for a variety of reasons – it may prove ore efficient to watch 15 ten-minute videos than 15 ten-minute oral presentations.It may be that students learn a new range of skills and gain valuable experience from making the video, or that certain skills can be assessed more effectively. Whatever the reason, it is becoming increasingly common to use a range of technologies to supplement or replace traditional paper and pencil tests. Using technology to assess involves the use of technology to assign marks to an essay, practical or project. (Using Technology to Assess Student Learning 1 Joanna Bull)

People Should Get Their Animals from the Animal Shelters instead of Essay

People Should Get Their Animals from the Animal Shelters instead of Breeders - Essay Example Analyzing human love to animals Irvine stated that â€Å"there can be no single answer to the question of why people form relationships with dogs and cats because our relationships with them have not been of a universal, standard type that could generate a once-and-for-all explanation† (Irvine, 2004). Each way of understanding, describing and treating animals is brightly described throughout history. However, first of all, any person should remember that animals are our best friends which will love us in spite of everything and are incapable of betrayal. Referring to the existed situation it becomes obvious that people need to take care of somebody or something, and a dog or a cat is a good variant of an animal for adoption. Animals can make us smile, and an appeal to take an animal from the humane society/animal shelters instead of breeders becomes more and more actual nowadays. Each year, tens of thousands of homeless cats and dogs get into shelters throughout our country. R ogers mentioned that â€Å"National figures indicate that about half of the animals in shelters are euthanized for lack of good homes† (Rogers, 1998). Thus, the situation with homeless animals has achieved its peak and we should improve it as soon as possible. In such a way, I want people to know that when they buy a pet at a pet store or a breeder, they deprive the animal of the shelter a hope to gain a caring family, taste food, etc. and make it homeless again. It means that buying the pet somewhere people not only deprive a chance for shelter animals to find a new home but also support the farm for the breeding of puppies for sale.  

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

English Literature - Essay Example He argues that the artistic obligation of the black writers is more of engaging with the issues of interests rather than engaging with the stereotypical issues that are assigned by the White society. Though the white society’s notion of the responsibility of the black artists asserts their engagement with black stereotypes, Ellison tends to trace such notion as an â€Å"imposed invisible identity† (Fanon, 1991: 23). Indeed the invisibility of the narrator of Ellison’s novel arises from the society’s notion of ethnicity. The conflict grows between his self-perceived identity and the identity imposed by his society, as the first person narrator of the novel says, â€Å"I am an invisible man. No†¦I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids—and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible; understand, simply because people refuse to see me† (Ellison, 1994: 7). The narrator’s perpetuating blackness reveals a great deal of Ellison’s view of black identity. He is overly obsessed with â€Å"the concept of â€Å"other† and his view of â€Å"other† obviously refers to the white-dominated society† (McSweeney, 1988: 45). According to him, the concept â€Å"otherness† is, in the first place, generated by the white society’s assertion of the black stereotype. Ellison personally believes that submitting to the demand of this â€Å"other† is the loss of one’s own identity. In his another article, â€Å"Art of Fiction† he expresses this view, â€Å"If the Negro, or any other writer, is going to do what is expected of him, he’s lost the battle before he takes the field†. (Ellison, 2003: 212) In some sense, Ellison launches a lethal satire against the stereotyping of African-Americans as ‘black’ by the dominant white culture. For him the assertion of the black stereotype is nothing but the dream of a race-free America, because it essentially asserts the race-dominated view of the black ethnicity. The bizarreness of the